The gaoshanCustoms and habitsGaoshan holiday information and clothing characteristics

Gaoshan live mainly in China's Taiwan province, there are a few scattered in the mainland coastal areas of fujian, zhejiang, etc.Gaoshan have their own language, belong to the south island language Indonesia language, generally can be divided into beside qinhuai, cao, paiwan three language groups.Without this national characters.Scattered in the mainland of gaoshan general han Chinese.Gaoshan compatriots living in Taiwan has its own unique culture and art, their oral literature is very rich, such as myths, legends and folk songs.Gaoshan is given priority to with rice farming economy, production is complementary to fishing and hunting.Gaoshan manual craft mainly weaving, bamboo weaving, the cane, Ku wood, bamboo carving, cutting and ceramics, etc.

Gaoshan ethnic history

Neolithic cultural relics unearthed in Taiwan, and China's fujian province, is close to the neolithic cultural relics Taiwanese primary migration of the past should be from mainland China.

Gaoshan patrimony tradition, there are a number of south China ancient culture traits, such as nest, male Xie, boat, pestle mortar, wooden drum, raw seafood, areca, chewing drinking rice wine, bamboo tube, XianZu, squat, feather, ou ju, them, penetration head tube skirt, clothing, and break the body, tooth-digging, nie teeth, wear ear, jean flute tease, structure house Ji ju, funeral cliff, wash the bone was buried, singing and dancing, swing, wood carving, headhunting, worship, witchcraft, the sun and snakes and bird worship, ancestor worship,The floodMyth, shoot day, even the name system, and so on.The nest, the boat, tooth-digging, wear ear, raw seafood, funeral cliff, snake worship are guile typical cultural traits, such as confirm the gaoshan and guile;Habits, customs, the source of a pulse.Gaoshan in the past for a long time in the stage of primitive society development.According to history carries, The Three Kingdoms period, the ancestors of gaoshan into several tribes, tribal members called "" '", public affairs jointly managed by members of the tribe.They use froe stone axes, stone, stone rings, for spear, with antlers with engraved for arrowheads, give priority to with gathering, hunting, animal husbandry is not yet developed.Popular men marry the bride's side of the institution of marriage, about is still in the phase of matriarchal society.To the 7th century, has been the farming, livestock, production tools still is given priority to with stone, with a small amount of iron.Tribal chief, taxation, public affairs are still run by tribal members, some crime, resolution of sanctions to jointly by tribal members according to the common law, light person staff, or put to death.No words, do not know the calendar, worship the god, god of the sea.Rally held a singing and dancing.Sculpture and painting.Through the northern song dynasty, the southern song dynasty, yuan dynasty, Ming and qing dynasty each generation, contact the Taiwan and the mainland is increasing.According to Chen's first secretary of the east's volunteers etc, gaoshan agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting at the time, has been developing more than before, and have some specialty coastal residents to trade with the mainland, the mainland people to agate, porcelain, cloth, such as salt, copper, Dan ring easily gaoshan breast of deer, deer, deer antler, etc., between tribes are still "old contacts" with him, still live a primitive life.From the beginning of the 16th century, Taiwan gaoshan repeatedly subjected to foreign invasions.In 1563, the enemy invaded northern cages (keelung) and looted, local gaoshan was forced to move mountains.Again after Dutch settlers, Spanish colonists, America and Japan invaders Taiwan, gaoshan people gave to resist, conducted heroic tenacious, indomitable struggle, showing the patriotic sentiment will defend their homes.Since the 17th century, due to a large number of han nationality moved to Taiwan, and zheng chenggong regime to take a series of measures conducive to the development of gaoshan economy and culture, accelerated the gaoshan social and economic development.Gaoshan, living in the plains of southwestern part of the development to enter the feudal society.Long gaoshan and han people to resist the invasion of foreign invaders, together to jointly develop the Taiwan.In the Japanese imperialists invaded Taiwan 50 years, is particularly fierce struggle, in the largest WuShe uprising in 1930.In 1947 to participate in the "228" uprising is given priority to with the han nationality.

Gaoshan living custom

Gaoshan in ancient times for naked beauty.Only with cloth shade, fur corset.But after contact with Chinese culture, and gradually form a man wearing a gown woman skirt, pay attention to dress beautiful.Clothes in addition to the skins, bark, multi-purpose the weave linen and add grain decoration.The trunk of men's clothing type, common in northern sleeveless clothes, wear clothes, bra, belt;Central common deerskin vest, chest bags, pouches, bra, black cloth skirt;Common in southern mandarin long sleeve blouse, waist skirt, leggings, black turban, etc.Women's clothing types include short and long dress petticoats jacket of the dress.The yami dress simple, man with t cloth covered part of the body, and wear vest;Women usually wear vest, under the tight skirt, wrapped in cloth of Israel in the winter.

Gaoshan apparel design, daily necessities, handicrafts choose serpentine pattern, the more it is with their living environment and totem has the inseparable relations.Because of gaoshan living on parts of the subtropical regions, snakes have more knowledge of the properties and characteristics of the snake, they take "the snake" as the incarnation of god, thought is the soul of ancestors attach themselves to it, and therefore cannot be killed, and put it as a deity to worship, such as low south people like snakes, carving is said to be the ancestors bless to pray.

Gaoshan diet is given priority to with grains and root-stock, general with millet, rice, potato, taro to often eat food, grains, vegetables, prey.Mountain is given priority to with millet, upland rice grain bread, plain is given priority to with rice.In addition to the yami and bunon, several other groups with rice as the staple food, with potato and coarse grain is the staple food supplement.Live the yami in lanyu taro, millet and fish as staple food, bunon with millet, corn and potato (local sweet potato) is the staple food.Ping Po have specialty rice, like eating "grass bouquet cream" (deer intestinal straw with salt on instant).Former diet are squatting raw ju, diet, cooking, enjoy very fastidious.Gaoshan addicted to alcohol and tobacco, chewing betel nut.

Gaoshan vegetable sources more extensive, most by planting, small rely on acquisition.Common squash, leek, turnip, cabbage, potatoes, beans, pepper, ginger, and various wild mountain bamboo shoots.

Gaoshan universal love to eat ginger, some directly with ginger dipping salt when cooking;Some with salt and pepper.Main sources of meat on the breeding of pigs, cattle, chickens, fishing and hunting in many regions is also a supplement daily meat, gaoshan, especially living in the mountain forests to capture prey almost is the main source of meat.Are many wild animals in the forest, such as wild boar, deer, and monkey meat can be into the dish.

Ten communities in gaoshan each have their own unique food, food which are bacon, gaoshan Thai Maya, may store method of meat, including Thai luhya pickled monkey meat and may pickled deer and wild boar, having a unique style;Suck up wine, made from gaoshan paiwan people, by the method of a kind of rice wine.

On the producing method of staple food, most of the gaoshan xi to cook the rice into rice, or glutinous rice, corn flour, steamed into cakes and zi ba.

Bunon when making staple food, small pot rice smash into paste, paiwan people happy with banana leaf roll stick millet, with peanuts and animal meat, steamed as holiday meals, also can bring out shooting.But as a hunting to bring a little salty sauce filling in general do not add salt, etc.

Thai luhya uphill hunting, xi made fillings wrapped in banana glutinous rice, wrapped in banana leaves, steamed.Paiwan people like the sweet potato, dal, taro stem such as blending, after cooked beef.Thai luhya pleased with ginger or chili bubble of water as a beverage.It is said that this drink has the function of abdominal pain.Hunting up to the mountain in the past, and drink of animal blood.Regardless of men and women, drinking, and are generally drink homemade of rice wine, such as millet wine, rice wine, and potato chips.

The yami like rice or porridge with taro, sweet potato mixed with cooked as a staple food.Out for work or travel, but also often in dry taro or cooked sweet potatoes and similar dumplings of glutinous rice products for dry food.Paiwan such as hunting, with no pan, with only a match, to be stones, since base for dry fire heat, then build a taro, sweet potato, etc., in rocks sand cover on the stones, after cooked food.When eat mustard leaves part of growing down first, kneaded with salt, put two or three days to eat, in the field of mustard root continue to grow.

Paiwan people don't eat dogs, snakes, cats, etc.,Eat fishMethod is also very unique, are generally after the catch of fish, on-site pick up a piece of slab heat, put the fish in SLATE baked into eight mature, sprinkle with salt and serve.Paiwan peopleThe childNot allowed to eat eel, or even not to eat other fish fish head, that eat the fish head are unlucky.

Gaoshan was mountain, nest point or monarch bamboo weaving, wood house.House type has wooden and bamboo hut, hut, plate, thatched roof rock underground houses, etc., but is very exquisite modelling and practical combination.Mostly rectangular or square, the door window.

Festivals, etiquette, sacrifice eat custom: gaoshan uninhibited personality, friendly and hospitable.Xi on holiday or festival day for dinner and dancing rallies.Every holiday, will beKill pigFeasting, kill the old cow, buy wine.At year-end, bunon eating "nuo" with a plant leaf, glutinous rice steamed on package, for his family ties people to enjoy, to celebrate.Gaoshan festival welcome the richest representative food is made of all kinds of glutinous rice cakes and zi ba.As a snack during the festival not only, still can be used as a sacrificial offerings.Will also be glutinous rice to make dinner guests.Gaoshan a lot of ritual activities of all ethnic groups, such as: offering, the grain offering sacrifice to god, the god of ancestors and gods, huntingTo get marriedVarious offerings and harvest offerings to offering the most grand of the paiwan people five years.Then in addition to the pendulum feast offerings, also in a variety of recreational activity.And wedding banquets scene is very rich and magnificent, especially to prepare a lot of wine, when the participants are binge drinking, and have the custom of not drunk do not come loose."The harvest" this day, people take a cylinder, and the wine around the campfire, dancing, eating and drinking, celebrate a year of labor to harvest, held once a year.Paiwan people are celebrating this day commonly used a wooden, carving exquisite cups, two arms, drink, to close, if the guest to must want to kill the chicken.The bunon diners are put chicken leg to stay, when guests leave take on the road to eat, to eat the chicken thigh, have more strength to walk.Members of people with stones as the baking oven taro, after baking the taro crisp outside of soft, easy to carry, also often bring guests to eat on the road.Paiwan people wedding, millet ground into powder, add water mixing paste, package into the fish and shrimp (shrimp with tail), knead intoeggsThe size of the group, put in boiling water pot to burn, cooked after take out to eat.

Gaoshan and tattooed, tattoos, tooth-digging, nie teeth, wear ear, hair removal, corset body adornment general body adornment such as customs, for adult, beauty, marriage, JiGong and noble purpose.

Gaoshan line monogamous marriage, incest is prohibited.Most men and women free love, such as Thai Maya to whistle said love, some women may gratuity to the groom's family said acacia.Gaoshan young men and women in love marriage is very free, my parents never interfere.When the girl in the age of marriage, the family will separate place for her.

Funeral form, Maya, bunon and cao multi-line house was buried, buried under the bed.Paiwan people, has been the pedestrian field tombs, may people buried the dead space before and after the house, of evil, the dead will be on-site burial.

There are many taboos during gaoshan: womenpregnancyAxe, with a knife, taboos cannot eat apes, bobcats, pangolin and BingDi fruit, avoid twins;Don't see a snake, bobcats, rat, cross and was buried with the dead;Avoid see animal mating;It is forbidden to fart, sneezing, kin rape;Taboo to eat animal heads;Taboo man contactA womanWoven, hemp, small hoe and pigsty for;Ban on women contact man special weapons, hunting devices, club and so on.

May people in meat food, and cut the meat into pieces, with bamboo sticks, after boiled in a big bowl, the whole family around the basin edge, each person with the cane makes up a small basket of rice, share a ladle dish, one hand pilaf, single-handedly take meat to eat.In the planting season, they like to catch the little green frog in paddy field, back to home with clean water, cooked to eat.May, Thai people such as some also eat raw fish catch.They also like to hunt from good to skin, add salt and boil half cooked millet pickled, eaten by a few months.Common salt, dried food storage and several methods such as dry, with for a year or two pigs, fish for food.Gaoshan don't usually drink boiled water in the past, nor the habit of tea drinking.

Gaoshan festival activities

Gaoshan important festivals are: seeding offerings (Thai Maya, the date of the end of the spring sowing in late march), peace offerings (bunon, April 4), "vertical" progenitor offerings (ping Po, September 16), festival (zou people, members, reach enlightenment, etc., August 15th), bamboo offerings (paiwan people, October 25,), monkey offerings and big hunting offerings (British Columbia south, November), short spiritual sacrifices (October 11 solstice summer people, 18) and the enlightenment of flying fish offerings, and so on.Gaoshan traditional festivals usually one with sacrifice.Numerous and complicated, the Taiwan authorities to advocate for numerous Jane, consolidation, the above list is now popular major festivals.During the festival, in addition to the song and dance feast, also added a sports, recreational activities, cultural exhibition.

Gaoshan religious beliefs

Gaoshan remains of primitive religious beliefs and rituals.They worship elves, various places have different belief in god, has god, creation of god, the god of the universe, nature, manager and other elves of the devil.A cult farming offering (including reclaiming offerings, sowing offerings, weeding offerings, mow offering, offering new valley warehousing, etc., the main is millet offering), hunting, offerings, fishery offerings and offerings of ancestors.Prevalence of witchcraft, which accounts for methods have bird, dream, water accounted for, bamboo accounted for, gourd ladle, rice, etc., and there are many forms of wrath of the book.Due to the influence of the han immigrants and the Netherlands, Spanish colonists, gaoshan complex of religious belief.The han nationality brought Buddhism, western missionaries brought Christianity, Catholic, and so on.These religions in gaoshan people to take root, gaoshan religious life in the formation of primitive religion, Buddhism and western religion crisscross of the situation.

Gaoshan ethnic characteristics

There is a body in the past in every branch of gaoshan destroyed ACTS the role of customs, such as unhairing, tooth-digging, wear ear, corset, tattoos, etc.After mid 40 s, these customs tends to decline gradually, but its residual effects.

defeathering

Refers to the hair on the day out some branches, are men, have a plenty of female urethral, have a plenty of men and women are drawn.Men with bamboo clip, women with fine linen ground, pull or even to meteor burning coals of fire, do not feel pain.

tooth-digging

Is at the age of 12 to 16, pull the left and right two front teeth or canine.Some directly with small iron bar is worth on the tooth stone broken to pull out the tooth.Some withoutTooth extractionMissing teeth custom clade, teeth would like to be dyed black, with black teeth are good.

Wear ear

Especially in paiwan people and may the man leading the way.Earlobe perforation is bigger, they generally use the lead plate, shells and bamboo tubes do earrings, and beads carved an antechamber even in the end with a thread of silk, hair after ligation in the brain, to prevent swinging falls.

corset

Are some branches, man's special custom.Corset belt is made of thick bamboo bent into, on both ends of the drilling, wear hemp rope to tighten, le button in the lower back.Stop until the 50 s and 60 s, from the age of 12 are tight in the waist and abdomen, day and night to make muscular chest and my leg.

tattoo

The branches, the specific situation is different, some male female not lines, some female man not lines.Some is thy neck with tattoos, some tattoo as a symbol of courage.Because of the influence of primitive religion, think tattoo can get ancestors soul bless, to avoid a disaster.In addition to the tattoo, there are lines below.No matter in what way do act the role of the body, their common purpose is for the beautiful, brave, marriage, JiGong, and honor.