The baiCustoms and habitsBai holiday information and clothing characteristics

Bai, use white, belongs to the sino-tibetan hide the main languages, and that advocate white (bai language) language, tujia language also belong to the han language.Most of the native language, general han Chinese.Yuan and Ming dynasty used the "differential" (Bai Wen), namely, "Chinese characters reading white".The use of Chinese character writing, have their own language, literature and art rich and colorful.Good operation of agriculture, salted azaleas.Three tea is the traditional way of tea drinking when yunnan bai to entertain guests.

The origin of the bai

"White ancient tong ji" : the west tianzhu "dragon's kingdom asoka Biao my Angle.Low to marry owed to be deficient, low my.My gave birth to nine children, the eldest son, my ROM the father of the sixteen;The second son was my budget, the father of tubo;The third receive my, the father of han Chinese;The father of four children receive my reward, east pretty;Abital my tuk, twelve children, seven holy five good, the father of the montessori;Receive my six children, the father of the lion kingdom;The father of seven my Lin, in countries;Eight children receive my blessing, the father of albino the kernel fruit;Nine children receive my 閦, which cut.The father of Bai Yi.

"By yi biography > (by, now yongchang house) : by pretty by Galois fishing alone easy Luo Chi yongchang fucheng south.Drowning.His wife ShaYi a pot.To cry of the water, touch a driftwood, inductive and stretch marks, made ten children.Wood into a dragon, and with their children to the pool, after the tongue yue: I come in?Nine son go, alone the plum dragon and sit back, dragon to lick the back.Pretty language call back for nine, sitting for long, so the name of nine RON's.Ailaoshan a patio mountain in yongchang house.Born under a woman slave wave rate, 10 female, nine lung brother marry, made ten surname: dong, hong, segment, shi, he, wang and zhang, Yang, li and zhao, depicting its body like a yong man, in the clothing after the tail.Sons multiply, the highest in the Kowloon hills in yongchang fucheng south mountain.Valleys, ninety-nine units, the nanzhao.

In 877 AD (li xuan operator four years), the lung, nanzhao method (lung transient) acceded to the throne, from number "big man"."Seal" and "people".Read the "state", "seal" in dialect with the same meaning."Seal", "state", and "differential" pronunciation is the same."Seal" is "differential".Ten 赕 nanzhao to erhai lake is called "the great seal of the republic of China", namely the "differential"."Differential" and "white" word."Seal" the emergence of the special name, marks the erhai lake the pretty after nearly a century of conflict and fusion, form a have a significant impact in the history of Chinese nation: bai.

2008 yunnan JianChuan gio unearthed so far, 3000 years ago in ancient cultural sites, shows that the erhai lake region have long human habitation, and produced in yunnan province was the earliest bronze civilization.From Ming dynasty to 1956 bai ethnic identity is established for hundreds of years, is a process of yunnan bai of localization.Modern bai except Dali prefecture in yunnan, from the hills north of the dragon, the western hills of kunming, including yuanjiang for far, old village of chuxiong south China, baoshan, lijiang is discontinuous distribution between the fact that also reflects that.Historians Ma Yao is bai is heterogeneous with flow, namely, bai is written by a backbone of ethnic Tibetan myanmar culture assimilation the formation of large Numbers of people from different ethnic groups.

The habits and customs of bai

Bai basically implements the monogamous family system.Son married after the separation, parents usually live from the youngest son.In the landlord class, there are a few is "four generations" family.People sharing the same not intermarry, but routine GuJiu table.None can also adopt kin brothers (adoption) or adopted children.A woman without a son can uxorilocal ZhuiXu and adopted to 6, inheritance can be achieved.

Bai uxorilocal marriage customs of marriage, uxorilocal man in society not only enjoy the same status with uxorilocal not men, but also by the neighborhood folks, the respect of the family members, relatives and friends, and shall have the right to inherit the family property and provide for her parents, take care of younger siblings until they grow up adult responsibilities, people call this kind of person fat vulgar "the door".Some of the bai people also intends to "marry" the son to go out, for son-in-law hit the door, so the folk and the common saying "son sent recruit son-in-law hit".Bai, marriage is arranged by the parents, but young people love activity more freedom.If relationship sure, men are willing to the door, the family has obtained the consent of both parents, engaged, several elder man and the man's house the family relatives and friends are invited home, by a woman's home when treating guests, superiors to be the surname name for him in front of all the relatives and friends.From then on he wife's surname, and no longer use the original surname name, and press set out the family home of man's ranking.Since then, manTo get marriedAfter became a member of the family between peers can only say to each other brothers, taboo to be fat man called "brother-in-law" "brother-in-law" or "children".

Bai in the yuan dynasty before the buddhist tantra, bai areas affected by the prevalence of cremation.After the yuan dynasty, due to the han nationality and the influence of Chinese culture to the burial.Tend to be grand funeral ceremony.

PingBa region bai people eat rice, wheat, mountain is given priority to with corn, qiao son.Bai people like eating acid, cold, spicy taste, good at cured ham, bow, fish, chicken fir, pork liver juice such as dishes, and like to eat a speck of "raw" or "rawhide", the pork roast into half a lifetime half ripe, pork, cut into with ginger, garlic, vinegar etc. Mix and food.The bai people also like baked tea.

Bai's wedding

Bai activity of young men and women in love is free, they often use the opportunity to labor, fair, festival and the festival love affairs, testing each other by folk songs, expressing feelings, looking for their loved one.When bai young man asked the girl to marry him, girl as agreed, to the man to send BaBa;When the wedding the bride should be made "fish soup kitchen;After the firstThe Mid-Autumn festivalThe bride to do bedding face cake, which show the bride's cooking skills.Wedding stress on tea, before they put the unevenness ruyi (that is, the four dish, four sets, four basin, four bowl).

Bai monogamous, wedding grand and warm.According to the traditional customs, the wedding day, the groom and the lads have to ride a marooned and wed.The bride marry after back to beck, consists of the groom, the bride of the elders of the family worship, then the treatHave a meal.The bride and groom to dine with customers, at this time, difficult for the guests to the newlyweds, also can let them show, the wedding was filled the cheers and laughter.Up at the wedding is the most characteristic of chili powder, so many people in the laughter sneezing, coughing, lively.

Back marriage is yunnan Dali bai minority autonomous prefecture eryuan bai region widely popular a kind of marriage customs.Every crossroads, three fork or personnel gathering place, to accompany the guest and stopped, dowry code into two big pile, let the bridegroom bride were around the "8" the word around the dowry.

Bai's marriage has three forms: one is to marry his daughter to the family, this form of most;2 it is to recruit son-in-law hit the door, this kind of circumstance is mainly her parents had no sons, even have a chi silly sick, etc., so we recruit son-in-law hit the door.The door of the children must change into the woman's last name, again by a woman called again elders;Three is a form of volume account recalls that men and women both parties for seven days after her marriage, his wife took her husband with curtains, bedding back to her home to live.Because although the family has a brother, but age is too small, aging parents, so we have to "recalls volume accounts for supporting the elderly and care for younger siblings.Such as brother grow up after marriage, the man that brought his wife back to his home life.These three forms of marriage has a long history, still used.But no matter which belongs to a form of marriage, marriage and wedding process is basically consistent.Only recruit son-in-law hit the door are women marry men, rather than the men marry women, both sides of the roles were reversed.After married, son is general separation with parents, other family organization.Parents and who live together, by the parents of their choice, selection and youngest son a general life in the majority.Therefore, monogamous family is bai common forms of family organization.

According to the custom of bai, if her husband's death, his wife can be a feast for life, can the other to marry, but another may take over the house of her ex-husband when married.In individual regions, and the custom of the transfer, after the death of brother sister-in-law can marry younger brother, called uncle sister-in-law, but this kind of phenomenon is rare.

Erhai lake area bai men take a fancy to a woman, then please matchmaker to her family.Matchmaker to her home for the first time the main task is to convey the intention of the groom's family relatives and friends, praise to men and women both parties for marriage, prompting the wife's family agreed to allow marriage.After her betrothed, the matchmaker is according to the agreed date of the girl's birth horoscope to retrieve by men have eight words, such as in eight, the matchmaker is to bring a gift of money to wait until her reply.To respond when the family, the man's house and a pair of couplets on the man's BaZiTie part, to the woman to bottom allied.After the woman received a reply and a gift of money, good bottom allied on BaZiTie from the man, and then back to the groom's family by the groom's collection.At this point, namely complete engagement.

After marriage, set, or two months before the wedding, the man's house to please matchmaker with a gift to the family, in consultation with the family wedding date, number of settled the dowry.According to the wishes of the family, the man's house, or send the Mosaic gold amount to the family, by a woman's caterers dowry, or according to the requirements of the family after all the dowry shall send the family, and then the last date the bride get married.Before and after the wedding, a total of four days.Is the first day, the couple and starwood booth.Girlfriend and mother of the bride who will be the bride of him, flower shoes, etc into suitcases, one for the bride blessing one, the night also need a girl to "warm".Groom a booth or are busy decorating their own homes, and so on, the night also want to please a both parents of a boy to "press".The next day to marry, organized by a groom for sedan set out to the woman home take the bride back.After the bride and groom into the bridal chamber, people give them offer after the first bitter sweet bitter tea and sweet tea.The third day, the bride and groom both to the front of the hall three worship fathers parents, elder tea toast to relatives.The fourth day the bride and groom recalls, meet the mother-in-law, meet relatives elders.

Claim to be "the horse" bai, orchid area home girl long into the future of 15 or 16, most parents want beside the house built a house for her to make her living.Evening, boys and companion to the small room of the girl to visit girl, in a small room, they sing or play kouxian cadence, or whisper, each fall.In the dead of night, when both were heavy, and talking, to sleep.The cock crows, the young man said goodbye with girl.Like two love of a companion, can book private life, parents in general will not be interference.

Bai national holiday

Torch festival, march street (point),The qingming festivalTraditional festival, the hungry ghost festival, winter solstice is bai.In addition, bai and han nationality, also the first lunar month every year to 10thThe Spring Festival, customs have seized at the beginning of the new water, who first received the first essence of water of the New Year, so obviously in the coming year will be lucky.In the first to fifth is allowed to move except kitchen utensils and appliances metal appliances, no water and clean the floor.The second day to worship, grade the mountains and rivers, grasslands.Nujiang bai year ancestor worship before supper, taboo strangers present.Year to lend things to come back, otherwise change next year, food is not abundant.Thus borrowed other people's things, have to return before the year.Big NianChuQi forA womanSection, women don't cook a meal, do not carry water, don't do any other work, but is free to play;Big NianChuJiu section for men, men have a rest.The lunar July 15 for ancestor worship festival.Bai including yuanjiang county every year in March or charming during the temple fair, prohibit killing.Bai yunlong county, in July and a half a day to go around.

Bai benzhu worship in history, is now preserved as a custom, is shown as: almost every village has a benzhu temple, temple worship with clay or wood carving master statues.Enter the bai benzhu temple, must be pious and solemn, ban on talking loudly, untouchable its gods.Bai also various gods.First bai, if someone is sick, must make sacrifices, such as cattle, pigs for worship activities.Activities generally near the village, under a big tree on the top of the hill QuanZhai people attended.This tree is regarded as sacrosanct, prohibited deforestation.

LanPing County bai is held between October 9 lunar calendar of sacrificial activities.Fete ceremony held under a big tree beside the village, with cattle do sacrifice, called "sawyer's", "sawyer, tree," the tree said.Sawyer "sawyer's" and "tree" is inviolable, prohibited deforestation, banned in urine under the tree.

March street

Yunnan Dali bai march street, also known as Dali will march, is the great festival of bai and street period.Session is a summer solstice 15 March 20 each year.March street is not only the material exchange event, the largest western yunnan and western yunnan style of unique national sports and cultural entertainment event.

The tang dynasty, the capital city of nanzhao kingdom my sheep baa city (now Dali) is not only the political, economic and cultural center in yunnan province, and it is ancient nanzhao kingdom and southeast Asia based on cultural exchange, trade trade portal.At that time, Buddhism was introduced into something, nanzhao bai ancients in great worship guanyin bodhisattva, "March 15 year after year, the all gathered to vegetarian offerings, called the goddess of mercy, later generations in the deal, as the goddess of mercy street".This is the earliest march street.Gradually by religious temple fair, after march street turned into folk commodity fair.Bai Ming dynasty historian Li Yuanyang yunnan annals recorded: "the city of guanyin, March 15 provinces of trade goods under the sun.Since between Tang Yonghui, dynasty tired more, the city remains the same."In the qing dynasty, to an unprecedented scale and grand march street.

In 1991, Dali bai autonomous prefecture march street as "point" in March.During the festival, domestic and foreign businessmen gathered in the bazaar.By 12 counties in large-scale art performances, performances hemlock, octagonal drum, double fly, rich national characteristics such as dragon lantern dance.In addition, the horse racing, dongjing music playing, such as dragon boat sport.

Torch festival

Torch festival was flourishing in Bai Zuyu noon, held a summer 25 June each year, is the bai traditional festival, festival on the same day, men, women and children had gathered to worship ancestors.Through worship, ignition torches, torches, jump the torches and other activities, I wish for good harvest and animals.

On the eve of the festival, the whole village with vertical root about a decade or two meters highThe fireThe.Made from pine stem, on a bundle of straw, pine, Ann a flag at the top.With a bamboo pole pole series paper field into three, meaning even rise level 3.Each surrounded by the differing measures, good crop weather, peaceful country and safe people RenShouNianFeng prosperity, good harvest, animals, such as calligraphy and painting of the small paper flags;Differing hanging belowThe fireThe pear fruit, Chinese flowering crabapple, firecrackers, lamps and lanterns, and five flags.

Torch festival at noon, people take small torches, paper money, incense, offerings, to graves before grave, memorial.After small torch lit, and the three pitch fume tomb, such as burning torches to put behind the bar to come home.Cemetery as far away from home, the sacrifice in the house.

Before the sun goes down, and after dinner in advance, could go out to watch the torches and monkey.Adults and monkeyThe child.After three laps around the torch to galloping in the distance.Not monkey, you appreciate in front of a torch, from door to door to see who the torches delicate and beautiful.In the point before, the whole village fire young daughters-in-law fought the umbrella, backbabyTurn around three times under the torch to eliminate pathogenic blessed.

When night came, the old man in our village leading an offering, to kowtow to the fire.A few brave lad, lithe one by one to climb to the high vertical fire, will be small torch upon upload will be to lighted the fire.Brake, emptied of flame, drumming, firecrackers exploded, cutting into the sky, spectacle.When the suspension on the torches were burn out the bamboo pole, differing people scramble for volley fly off of them.To those seen as blessed, congratulated by everybody, surrounded by the home, with smoke, wine, tea hospitality surrounded by the master.Next year the fire on the both of them shall by grab bucket rise of the man.

The climax of torch festival is play a torch.Young men and women each holding a torch.People from the inside of the bag, hold out a loose powder sprinkled on the torch.Each sa, a dazzling light, issued a "bomb" ring, the flame burn to the other party, called a "from a".Bai think fire point can be passed on to brighten, so the race to the meteor play, beaming.Meteor play after, youth groups, with small torches into the fields, to the torch and loose powder, to grain ear, its meaning is to eliminate insect and harvest.

The end of the torch festival also jump the torches.In the middle of the night, put out the burning match stick into piles of a bonfire.Young men and women one by one, from the campfire across two or three times back and forth, pray for vulcan "rid evil evil spirits".To see who can jump across, high jump far, until it is wealth.

Around the three spirits

Lunar calendar in late April, the bai people all want to hold for three or four days "around three spirit".During the festival, tens of thousands of men and women, old and young, dressed in national costumes play a musical instrument, dance and sing, in "god" st source temple, worship, and to carry out various cultural activities.According to legend, general, nanzhao Dali kingdom's ancestry paragraphs bang, is among the highest in the bai, the god of gods.He livestempleReferred to as "god", li 5 st source temple was built.

Fall in love

Bai festival, temple fairs, singing festival.From the Spring Festival to the 18th day, almost every day have a holiday, and night of the dragon.From the day of the first to open plants within a few months, month have the temple fair, be respectful villages every village both (or local village worship of the god), its owner section, very lively.In addition to march street, butterfly, around three ling, torch festival, form the singing festival, Ci green lake singing festival, sea western singing festival and so on.These festivals and temple fairs and singing festival for young men and women love exchanges and provides an excellent opportunity.Bai girls and boys take advantage of these opportunities, looking for an object, singing folk songs, or to visit his lover, borrow three-stringed conveyed and folk songs, love affairs.

In these festivals and temple fairs and congregations, bai young men and women especially liked to go to form the singing festival.Lunar July, tens of millions of young men and women are in droves to form the singing festival of 7-9 days.See the mountain mountain, the trees, cliff, temples, both inside and outside is the sing-song girls and boys to attend.Girl in festival costumes, dress up, young man spirit, everyone back leading three-stringed instrument.Only three sound, singing sounds, to break out, day and night, the scene is very spectacular.Girls and boys can use singing to the acquaintance with each other, can be used to sing to each other, also can use singing to ask each other's personal and family, and then fully express their affection in songs.So a, question and answer by men and women, sometimes up to several hours or even more than ten hours, and even a few days and nights.Through song, the girl and the young man met, fell in love, even exchanged promise on the spot, union for life.

other

The chicken, lunar calendar January first to fifteenth in mount struck binchuan chicken feet.

Play the sea will, August 8 in Dali to tuen mun.

Form the singing festival, at the end of the seventh lunar month in the form of stone bell temple in three days.

Torch festival, held in bai tuen village on June 25.

Puerarin, January fifth held in Dali three towers temple.

Bai religious beliefs

Bai is a traditional society with diverse religious beliefs of society, people who believe in primitive religion, Buddhism, Taoism, and the national its beliefs.Buddhism and Confucianism "three religions homologous consanguinity" method ", "three religions, bai is a feature of religion.Its owner is bai universal belief in religion.This is the meaning of a word is the patron saint of "this condition is the most noble".Bai HuWeiShen its owner is "people with god", is by the original sibyl development of religious worship.Compared with the original sibyl worship, this belief is formed by ancestor worship, natural worship, hero worship, totem worship as a complete system of religion, and ancestor worship, hero worship, constitutes the core "its religious worship.Buddhism spread to erhai lake region about in the sui and tang dynasties, the first is "brahman", and from the tantric yoga, tantric monk said "acharya dignaga", so also known as "acharya dignaga (who)", referred to as "bai tantra.Prevalent in nanzhao Dali period.Dali kingdom of 22 emperor in 10 become a monk.Both men and women in the buddhist scripture reading, literature, hand don't release bead volume, therefore the erhai lake region have long "ancient aromatic" title.After the yuan and Ming dynasty, a large number of han Chinese migrants chariot in erhai lake region, han culture began to spread in erhai lake region, the Buddhism gradually begun to replace Dali native Buddhism (tantric) status.

Dali bai nationality characteristic belief

Bai culture characteristic of the religious belief is benzhu worship.Its owner is "the soils the Lord", "the blessed the Lord".In white language, its owner has a lot of titles, such as "Wu Zeng", "bo", is "in this region is the most honourable man" (god).Bai people think that its owner is the patron saint of home or villages, can bless them "for people who ride a cuckoo, as farmers millet qian zhong, for workers in every possible way, for the distributors are traffic everywhere".Since the tang dynasty old Zhao Wenqi NaZhaoWang advised FengYou ordered its countries in Dali bai after first benzhu temple, built its culture started in erhai lake from generation to generation.