The origin of the surname

In the pre-qin period in ancient China, the sign of tribes, tribal envisage, in addition to name, name and surname.

And make a structure of "f" word, in oracle interpreted as "woody" meaning, that is, the "root" of plants, therefore, use the word "roots" future generations a surname to recognize progenitor, found ZhuiYuanSuLiu culture complex.

"Zuo, implicit and eight years" there is a famous words, the essence of ground illuminates the "name" and "surname" the relationship between the area and the other 1 j: "son of heaven building heart, for given name to raw 胙 and life of the soil, governors in word for Shi, because think that family;Officer have the power, the officer clan, cities are also like it."Mean, tianzi packet governors, according to the given birth and last name, and herod land and said, governors in words as mi, people as a group;YouGongZhe as office and generation, to the prime minister for the race;Also has with the recipient fiefdoms as family size.The number, the family is the "f".

's the emergence of a name for the night, is the product of the name is derived, and the name of the family.'s about patriarchal clan society, packet system prevails in the zhou dynasty, characteristics in the preface to annals, clan, slightly said: three generations ago (xia, shang and zhou), last name points to two, men's, the woman said name, surname, so don't equal of your surname, base without's famous...Surname, so don't marriage, so don't namesake, recruited, ordinary family name;'s namesake, the different marriage can connect, surname,'s different with marriage shall not pass.That is to say, the pre-qin period, the surname is not only a tribe, the cases of the envisage, is also a sign of social status and junior, equal.Initially, the surname is sharing the names of the tribes, then evolved into the specifically to tribal chief down from master.Legend patriarchy hero of the year, all with "f" to your respectful name, such as the emperor, emperor yan di XuanYuanShi, taeho bokhi, less HaoJin day, etc., is an example.

The original surname and first name is not much, along with the development of social history and offspring breeding for a long time, sharing will be more and more, plus some family and tribe of migration or change, tend to contain the blood lineage of out some branches, respectively, these branches, need to establish a belong to his own name, thus differentiation to produce some new's.So, this time's lineage is family name, used to distinguish by born children.This distinction is not only a blood of personal relationship, but also said status and differences in wealth.This differentiation trend, along with the matriarchy to patriarchy and increasingly apparent, into the class society and accelerated greatly.Like summer for the surname, and under the proposed name is divided into the summer after the surname, the tail's, men's, pour surname, tong city, praise, Karl fischer, qi's, Zeng, Simpson's, ghost, pour gorbachev, etc;Business for the last name, in a child under the name "the climb MingShi three hundred and sixty" (" the historical records, Zhou Benji ").According to oracle's material, can also examine the shang dynasty's at least more than two hundred.When the spring and autumn period and the warring states period, in literature's further soared to more than six hundred, many social classes have their surname.

And last name, surname also has its irreplaceable special social role."The white tiger general name of righteousness," said: "so what's?, so your merit, base the ci-poetry force or its officers, or surname, smell its's can know its DE, so good to encourage people."Made it clear that the difference of social function is equal, don't grade.

About surname, involving the system of our country's ancient society's given name.The western zhou dynasty with the implementation of the system of enfeoffment, given name is still relatively strictly follow the old system, and gives the surname was loose, not only the right to give surname, governors can also grant's, and grant's reason is expanded.So since the zhou dynasty, the development of's very quickly.So gu yanwu original surname, said: "men's, women's last name, said's biography and variable, name in ten million and the same.The most expensive monarch, king's.Don't say's, says countries."Say again "(in the spring and autumn) between two hundred and fifty-five men, which said last name?No more."Visible's momentum of the development and changes, which greatly exceeds the original name.Given in the zhou dynasty's, roughly the following several aspects:

(1) the son of heaven's.Such as: join anta (Zheng Wengong), JiHuan (JiLing male), CAI sino-japanese (Cai Zhuang male), the emperor loved minister (Song Chenggong).

(2) with words or Shi's ancestors.Such as: Confucius (song GongSunJia, jia word Kong Fu), ZhongSun reading (lu childe after celebrating father, celebrating father word zhong), zhuang (after king wen of zhou, ji chang Shi article).

(3) the principality as surname.Such as: bend the fief (chu featuring son defect, defect in flexion), know qiang (if jin first, after the first fief in known), xie (tang suyu, fief in solution), YangSheChi fiefs (a surname jin jing hou, in the lamb's tongue) o

(4) in Fahrenheit.Such as: the east gate to make secondary (ancestral home in east gate), north Guo Zuo (ancestral home in north guo), hsi-men pao (ancestral home in Simon), thyme xi (household thyme).

(5) to the prime minister's.Such as: sheep herder keiko (weeks sheep herder Sue his birth), service (after civil uncle zhou xing), history of ink (weeks historiographer Yin Yi), and the snake (weeks after offering the aurelian priests55 officer).

(6) for professional's.Such as: artisan autumn stone, my, implement, and people.Social underclass civilians, influenced by aristocrats stand's, then for his career in the champions league in the former's.

To song dynasty, the characteristics of the zhou dynasty in the annals, the clan "life's situation since made a more detailed investigation, include: with countries, cities and townships, in order to timnah, to the land, to the last name, to the word, to the name, in sequence, to the family, to the officer, with jue, technology and business, in order to overflow, fierce, and Jason kidd, the country, with family, with the name and surname, with countries with jue, jue and spectrum, in towns and spectrum, with the officer and name, city and Shi and Shi and surname, with jue and Shi's life, and the north, kansai, bai compound surname, generation north three-word name, name of 32 classes such as generation of north four word.

This "surname" don't equal fashion, from patriarchal clan society to this historical stage, the pre-qin period is quite popular, form "namesake's, more than a name's" social structure.Such as the yan emperor shen nung was the father of jiang clan, but its mount has a surname, ravaged by the seed, and qi, lu, ", xu clan branches;Yellow emperor XuanYuanShi for ji clan ancestor, but his son 25, is divided into 12 cell clan (clan);Taeho bokhi's (need offer's), less HaoJin's day, this is the east Fang Feng name of tribal leaders, is a bird totem tribe (phoenix phoenix bird), its seed FanYan for phoenix bird's, fenice, Dan bird's, the bluebird's, dove, doves's cool, "Scott and" five pheasant "tenure" nine "24" bird officer "clan.

Such as the establishment of patriarchy, and the formation of matriarchal clan gradually replaced by the patriarchal clan, all the blood relationship, were confirmed by patriarchal.So the matriarchal clan disintegration, the rise of patriarchal clan and become a surname a milestone in the process of evolution.

Dynasty name, due to a lack of literature and archaeological find it hard to know, but according to "the historical records, biographic sketches of summer" and "the Ben's surname" therapies, Xia Yu for quasi surname, followed by herod, with the surname of the tribe are: after the summer's tenure,'s, men's, pour, tong city's, praise, Karl fischer, qi's, Zeng, Simpson's, Morse, pour gorbachev and the south's, kwok, etc more than ten a surname.

Shang dynasty, is a typical slavery dynasty state institutions has been formed, "life's" 胙 soil became surnames produces the main way.Shang dynasty emperor DiZi has the right to the throne, illegitimate child somewhere has "胙 soil life's" herod's rights.Some feats of merit for the royal family, and surrender to subservient to the shang dynasty, on the basis of their social status, also be grant corresponding principality, fief.Thus shang dynasty history of surname liberaty are greatly increased, said shang dynasty have "eight hundred" governors.In the historical records, Yin biographic sketches of "and" shi Ben have dozens of more than a document name.Such as YanShi, to surname, soong, childish, when's, xiao, Li Shi, empty phase, north YanShi, mu yi's, are special, zhou, qi's, gunn, micro's, a white, nguyen, etc., is China's, there are plenty of still used today.In history, PanGeng, shells aristocrat most popular always referred to as the "people".The "people" 2 words, here is the clan society period, the spread system of "demise" of the old family surname, with all the peoples, original intention is to point to have certain social status, by the royal aristocracy "胙 soil's life".Later, along with the development of social history and the turning of the dynasty, the aristocracy lost the principality and status of the original, as ordinary common people, but retained the original surname, become an important source of today's last name, and the later dynasties subaltern collectively referred to as "the people".

In 1066 BC, king wu of zhou ji fa extinguish the shang dynasty, big warlord, sealing 胙 soil's life.According to historical records, the zhou dynasty destroy shang dynasty India) 99, 652 countries surrender, to big week packet provides a broad land.The big packet, for the pattern of the shang dynasty original small nations standing, contain all the meaning of yi-zun yu all over the world, is clearly a big improvement of social development.And the result of the large packet, bound to lead to a large number of production.The zhou dynasty "surname" produce most of the time, especially during the spring and autumn period, fierce leud mergers, for the evolution of surname provides specific conditions.

Seal bond's founding of the zhou dynasty is closely combined with hierarchical patriarchal clan.King who claimed to be god, the firstborn of (right), and given to his land and subjects, have the absolute authority of packet reward subjects.According to historical records, the week has herod vassal states of 71 countries, including sharing (ji) seigneur 40 countries, recruited the governors in 31 countries.These are the base to the governors of gist for bulk, for the Lord.The governors and within their own territory herod fief for sharing or recruited QingDaFu, king QingDaFu gist for the patriarch, and within their own fiefdoms packet again for sharing or recruited patrician.This top-down one layer packet, a surname of branches, more and more, more and more fine, new clan is more and more, formed a surname's more, even more than a person's situation.As king seal namesake governors are ji, but due to the closure of state-owned, zheng, wei, jin, lu, danger, Mr Wu, Guo, tubes, CAI, and then don't, by sealing the wait for the surname, form a new clan.In addition, there are in cities as the surname, jue for the surname, for family surname, with technology as the surname, Shi as's, and other forms.Especially hard to understand is that the same noble life for so many times, the possibility of more than a man's.Such as LuXiao male offspring show birds, because of its ancestors words son exhibition and exhibition's;Due to seal in the willow, and LiuShi;After the death of writings.finally for hui, and wyeth.Sun person who martingale martingale is the victory, due to business and says shang Yang, because is of a surname sun wei, also known as the sun martingale.Again such as the state of jin and doctor can life nine appellation: will, along with the season, Wu Zi, season, along with the will, with Wu Zi, van, Fan Wuzi, among them over, van for the principality, for office, season for ranking, wu writings.finally, for the name.

"胙 soil life's" has become the habit of rule, relationship with the highest grade, so with the title of the dynasty's, such as king or Zhou Weishi;While the various hou countries for the surname, such as qi, lu, zheng, wu, etc;QingDaFu principalities as's, such as the original Yang surname, Xue Shi, etc.;For the royal family of professional skills of a surname people are's skill, such as car, TuShi, dow, etc.As a result of "life's" top-down from the emperors, hou jun, can's manor life, is noble, even if life with professional craft's "hundreds of workers", nor the general populace, humble servants, but management civilian slave master, steward.Because the surname that birth family and social status, is the sign of noble characteristic and epithets, so there's strong Ming equal, "" social function.Under the feudal patriarchal system, clan, become one of the most basic political organization form of the zhou dynasty, their conditions of existence, development, evolution, and decline, so vividly reflects the social politics, economy, military, cultural, and other party and state, clan research, in a sense is the key to the understanding and the research history of pre-qin period.

In this way, by "胙 soil life's" the feudal patriarchal system, gradually replaced the clan society pure blood clan system, extraction, transformation, sublimation clan tradition as the system of theorization and legalization of cultural forms and patriarchal clan system.By the patriarchal system of the ancient patriarchal clan society, evolution of xia, shang and western zhou dynasties of feudal patriarchal clan, marks the mature of surnames culture and form.

After both name and surname, family name and surname of the relationship between and their characteristics and how to use?Annals, characteristics of the clan "is to make the generalizability of penetrating elaboration, he said:" three generations ago, name points to two, men's, the woman said.'s so don't equal, for your surname, base without's famous.Today the south all the pretty, this way.Ancient warlord, of curse words more yue: falling and wu's life, waigaoqia free country.So the name can be called as's,'s not call the name.So don't marriage.So have namesake, recruited, ordinary family name.'s namesake, different marriage to pass.Name of same's different. Marriage shall not pass.Three generations.Name one so don't marriage, and looked at Ming equal."Characteristics of this passage, there are three aspects should be pay attention to.

Surname's first of all, the man said, the woman said, because at that time, women had no right to take part in social activities, one of them as members of the society and should be distinguished from the other women, is used as a tool of family and get married.In order to "don't" marriage, unapt appear namesake intermarriage, their family name must be clear, so they have to say.Women's maiden, usually before the surname and rankings, such as dishes, zhong jiang, her uncle near season, si and so on.The jar, secondary, tertiary, quaternary here, as we now say, is the eldest brother, second, third, fourth, rather than the name, their name is ji, ginger, near and far.The legendary spoon ginger, for example, miss jiang's home is large, rather than the jar name ginger.From out or family name with his name, such as qin win, such as ginger, praised si.Here, qi qin, or name, but also the surname, their name is win, ginger, respectively.A married woman, in front of the name with her husband's name or surname, such as Kong Ji, frontal ginger milk, interest and so on.The western zhou royal family had long are two surname marriage kyi, ginger and Zhou Wang more when the queen is alive and reigns ginger, after death is added before jiang writings.finally, such as ginger, ginger, jose ginger, ginger and so on.

Secondly, the so-called "of your surname, base without's famous", is the pre-qin period's, generally is the title of noble symbol clan system, so most of the time just have the identity of the members of the ruling class have a surname, social base civilian people are many, but not necessary to "not equal", also not exquisite patriarchal clan, so there is no's in general.Mentioned above for underprivileged of civilians, as a professional after all is only individual case.

Again, in the case of have surname's, "'s surname is different, the marriage can connect ".Explain's namesake different consanguinity is far, can marry each other;"Name is with the person that's different, marriage cannot pass", that name is unlike's blood relationship, you can't marry each other.And debate on the issue of marriage is the most important, it is not only the old system, is also a tradition, and conforms to the principle of eugenics.The pre-qin period there are a lot of governors, QingDaFu are sharing, such as qi chey and east kwok is jiang, JiZhuang male worthies cui lever to marry DongGuoYan sister, DongGuoYan although cui rod subordinates, but he still to "men and women distinguishes the surname" intermarriage old system, citing declined cui express.

The spring and autumn period and the warring states period of social upheaval and change, the strict hierarchy constantly, hit the status in all walks of life and fate in the larger changes in the traditional equal difference have been unable to sustain, "f" is gradually weakened and even the loss of its role, "don't equal" society and evolved into all walks with man as the center of the family of common identity.