The origin of the pumi

There are many different appellation primi in history.Dependency primi ancients distribution in the early years of the han dynasty, the king of yak, known collectively as "Ze", "yak".Jin dynasty, pumi referred to as "the west".The tang dynasty, pumi area belongs to the sphere of nanzhao, pumi ancients is nanzhao rulers are collectively referred to as the "east".Along with the historical evolution, many titles to be being washed out gradually, and the "west" appellation is come-down down, and frequently seen in Chinese texts.But the word "west" in history, was referring to yunnan, sichuan, qinghai, hide the main languages of ethnic minorities, kang area's m just in the west's numerous branches, the largest one.

Han and bai called pumi "west", called the "nest" zhu yi, Tibetan and naxi clade moso people call it "ba", the lijiang naxi people call it "bo".

Pumi claims to "culture"."Culture" means white, "m", the meaning of a white."M" is the comparison of the pumi people unified claim, this appellation in different areas of the pumi and phonetic differences.Ninglang pumi self-proclaimed "&", "pa", the pumi LanPing County self-proclaimed "PuYing mi", yongsheng, lijiang county, pumi claims to "m", "square", "group", etc.Yushania, YanYuan, mian ning and jiulong county, sichuan province are also part of the pumi claiming to be "beat", but the general m people in since the founding of the People's Republic of China is divided into Tibetan.

In 1960, the state council according to the will of the pumi, official confirmation of northwest yunnan, "m" for the nation, and named as "pumi".

Pumi traditional festival

1. The big New Year's day

The pumiThe Spring FestivalAfter three days to half a month, on ninglang lunar month as the beginning, while orchid and male west pumi on the Spring Festival.Orchid a feast with kill cows, pigs, customs, regardless of the number of visitors is always present when a fire roast meat per person and a bowl of bone soup, to show "QinRuGuRou", "brothers".Lunar 30 in the evening, by the male parent priest "god", to worship "pot", then her family around the fireplace, to eat reunion meal, and in three rice to feed the dog.On the first morning, each glutinous rice BaBa, pork, coriander, wine, fruit offerings such as the pan pile, and sent to longtan mountain forests offering;Meantime DaoNian word, mention clan in the undead and their ancestors have three generations of our fathers, as well as the name of the famous mountains and great rivers of all stripes, said qi harvest in the New Year, the ancestral spirits evil.

During the Spring Festival, at m people of the same clan invitation collective mountain herding, dinner together, bringing best dishes food, wine, meat, zanba, sausage, ham, pork liver, pork heart, pork loin, rice rice balls, etc.Rice ball must do big, predicted in the coming year livestock are majestic.Young men and women hold the horse racing, shooting, running, to catch the birds, wrestling, kicking shuttlecock, and swing and other recreational activities.

2. The big section 15

Ninglang tome, 14 m people in lunar new clothes, wear colorful festival camping could up the hill, held a bonfire party.The next day for "mani" pray blessing, young men and women singing, dancing, through the activities to strengthen the contact, love affairs.After the liberation, abolish the religious content, added many beneficial to health of body and mind of entertainment.

3.The qingming festival

This is orchid, male's west area m people one of the three major festivals.Content is generally similar to bai, naxi neighborhood.In front of the house work,graveAncestor worship, young men and women for a picnic by the riverside.

4.The Dragon Boat Festival

People put on the festival clothes, went to the mountains around the cave, it is a religious holiday.Some people in the caves of the stone pit SuYouDeng, smoked go ghost evil disease, eat honey BaBa, then under the waterfallTake a shower, singing and dancing.

5. Revolving around mountains

A summer of July 15.Orchid pumi and bai to cross section in the "six", "bi", please to chant buddhist scripture in the home, held a grand ancestor worship ceremony.

Section 6. Taste a fresh delicacy

When doing the harvest season, grand m people's going to have a taste a fresh delicacy festival, every family to hold a new food into an altar altar wine, and cook new meters, respect for the kitchen god, spot lamps, ancestor worship, people began to eat a new food.On the same day also kill chickens, and killing sheep, boiled pig fat meat, entertain new friends, to celebrate the harvest.Pumi when "taste" in the New Year and Chinese New Year as to feed the dog rice balls.

7. The little Chinese New Year

Also called m Chinese New Year, every month, which one day, the day is said to be at m ancestor's birthday, so the activity is for religious activities such as some of pilgrimage, drive the disease.

Section 8. Archduke

Popular in jiulong county, ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefecture, sichuan province local monkey also known as the festival.Feast in lunar calendar in November, after the change on the date.Host the festival in the villages of authoritative rotates among parents.He is responsible for raise money to buy a yak beef and distribution.The feast, QuanZhai men, women, and children wear new clothes, adult at home cleaning, preparing food festival, teenagers have to kill to zap go sightseeing.Differ as a result the village the day of the feast, relatives and friends so many, the guest to, with yak meat to guests.Young men and women also took advantage of the holiday.ZouCunChuanZhai, dating friends, love affairs.

9. Her love festival

"Xing" is m phonetic translation, means driving cattle.Popular in yunnan pumi region.Holiday to get up early, can not sleep.Wrapped in red paper bag cow horns, led to the village head home field tillage enclosure, hope that the harvest, people and prosperity.Eight kinds of dishes and then go home and take some rice, and paper, wine offerings, catch up with the cattle, to the village near the "cars" luckily for sacrifice ceremony.People placed offerings in cattle, plug paper flag next to the wine GongAn, then sprinkle paper, village old order from various food, food, wine, for in front of the cattle on the large slab of boys were separately to feed his cattle food, put rice wine.Plough driving cattle feeding, priest of palm, Tian Bianli a circle around the neighborhood, said again opened up a new land.Closed discharge plough cattle, let off firecrackers, cattle, wriggling, spirit, sailed.They open the altar wine, bless cow strong life, good harvest.

10. In the section

"M" is m phonetic translation, for wine, can be translated to taste wine festival.Popular in ninglang yi autonomous county in yunnan province.There is no fixed date, usually held in harvest season.1 day feast.Festival every open an altar new into drink, besides yourself, and give evaluation to each other, see who the flavour of wines and refreshing, GanMian taste.This day, in every family new rice or buckwheat BaBa offerings for the kitchen god and ancestors.Friends and family visits, kill chickens slaughtered sheep slaughtering pigs, to celebrate a good harvest.Catering to needs with rice to feed the dog, said to the dog brought people's great grain kind of appreciation, but also in table wine song, toasting songs, happiness, all huan with joy.

11. The longtan

Orchid popular in yunnan province, lijiang area pumi region.Pumi has a strong nature worship and the custom of the god faith, especially tiger worship, advocating white.They called the lugu lake tiger lake.They are going to "steal water on early in the morning of the New Year", think life without water, snow can be turned into water, water freeze is white, dozen of spray droplets is white, and worship.Festival, every family with offerings to the spring springs, streams, and pools men go to burn incense sacrifice, are generally go to for people to drink water or near the lake shore of the pond.The pumi longtan god as a patron saint.Legend in the past, m people hide BingXian, leave for flight, before he left he hid the don't take things.When they return home, all other things have been destroyed or looted, it worked only hide in the job well, he considered the longtan god protect their jobs, the offerings.

12. The torch festival

Torch festival is lexical, yi, bai, Su Su, naxi, hani, wa, brown, rice and other brother national traditional folk festivals.In addition to the wa, brown, pumi, six other torch festival of the nation, its language belong to sino-tibetan language dialects of yi nationality in myanmar.Popular in sichuan, yunnan, guizhou and guangxi provinces most above all nationalities areas.Feasts except QianXi yi in Chinese New Year began on June 6, the rest of the clans of torch festival, all start, on June 24, 5 3 to 7 days in a row, up to half a month.Festival activities, different from around the country, there are the following basic same.One is first prepared various pine torches flare, some as high as 10 meters, lighting in the festival of the night, their torches string go village households around the field Angle, beating drums playing music and dance and scream to exorcism insecticidal qi good harvest.Second, ritual activities, some slaughter cattle and sheep, and slaughterKill pigKill the chicken, the field of the Commons mother god, in order to human and animal peace, good harvest.Three is the bonfire party, jump the fire, song, dance friends and find a mate;Held public sex of horse racing, the song, head of cattle, wrestling, archery, tug-of-war, swing and other recreational activity and regional exchange and trading goods.After the liberation, the superstitious content of festival customs, the torch festival as national unity and wish high harvest festival.About holiday origin, qing "kunming county annals" load: when the han yi fu onam, her husband has been killed, not south shi from the thief, namely to Japanese (June 24th) columns in fire, people cry, because this will be.A cloud of nanzhao skin logic cabinet in a letter to the pine torches, five floor, will kill and burn it, with one and other, of 赕 wives charity, and the suggestion, not to, not from, burnt, charitable body clock resin to return.Leather smell its good logic cabinet, to appoint tackled.Charity city closed die, people in yunnan is the burning torch."Some legends, is to commemorate the ancient people's fight against voldemort with fire.Some legends, it originated in the yi people and burned with fire king sent here to mar the pests of crops.Some legends, deng 赕 Mrs Wang a letter to the white section (charity), had organized people in the horn ignition, bluffing enemy soldier back, later generations miss her, it is the torch festival.Real because when the origin and the fire and the prayer for the primitive times did good.

13. The threshold to swim mountain snow festival

The primi traditional festival, the 5th day of 5th lunar month is the orchid - "threshold swim mountain snow festival"."Snow threshold" is the third big plate of mountains snow mountain, elevation 3600 meters, is the only place in "step at outskirts", since ancient times is fort outskirts travelling merchant and tourists.When spring back, snowcapped, suburbs pumi people will take tetrachord and carry yellow rice wine and meat, egg to snow threshold for the top of the mountain grassland.Threshold to swim mountain snow festival is the largest pumi festival with lighter and religious atmosphere of a festival.Not held a religious ceremony, sick can up the hill excavation of herbs, who love takeshi archery wrestling, martial arts competition;The young man singing love songs, relate to each other;Some people come to talk about business.Swim mountain festival the climax of the "goat dance" this belongs to amuse themselves and ballroom dancing, the crowd round into a circle, hand in hand in a person with folding made a "drum", the other people dance while play tetrachord, sheepskin "drum" with the piano, to strengthen the rhythm and imposing manner, jump a dance music to play twelve.Formation in rich, has a single round, double round, semicircle, to jump, open the door, turn over, two dragon water and all over the sky star, etc.

Pumi custom taboo

1, marriage taboo

(1) is not a complete pig fat cream for betrothal;

(2) it is forbidden to maternal cousin brother and sister marriage;

(3) the animal sign phase grams, eight don't avoid mating;

(4) avoid with epilepsy, mental disease, such as genetic history of marriage;

(5) the bride in marriage don't look back on the way home, otherwise clean;

(6) the bride married into the family day cream afternoon;

(7)To get marriedMaster xu, husband after divorce and wife abuse;

(8) must not commit adultery, nor gave birth to an illegitimate child.

2, funeral taboos

(1) death in children under the age of 13, may not be cremated;

(2) the dead man can't carry out home;

(3) it is forbidden to women wash the body for the dead;

(4) artemisia branches are used to pick up after cremation bones, so can't first branches for the use of chopsticks;

(5) the old man died in the home, the funeral after clinical away, need a broom to clean the heat spread, at ordinary times avoid is used a broom to clean the heat spread;

(6) carried his rope jiyong browse, can only use hemp rope;

(7) avoid in fire spread left hook hanging rope;

(8) can't use twine department head at ordinary times, hemp rope waist, evenThe childThe child can't use twine fasten playing head.

3, diet taboos

(1) can't fall asleepHave a meal, otherwise will become a snake;

(2) add food for the guests, can not only add a spoonful of, must add two tablespoons of;

(3) add food, need not can turn more rice, rice, otherwise will be regarded as to the dead disrespect for people;

(4) when having a meal with sound, nor anywhere scatters a grain;

(5) when eating cream will insert chopsticks upright in the rice bowl;

When eating (6) parents can't beat and scold children, children can't walked from their elders.

4, daily life taboo

(1) mentioned early in the morning wake up can't night dream about bad things;

(2) during the day can't walk with my eyes closed, otherwise the eyes are blind;

(3) the evening can'tHave a haircut、Wash your hairAnd comb my hair;

(4) the night can't whistle, otherwise it will lead the door;

(5) in the evening can't sweep the floor,

(6) cannot sing love songs at home;

(7) cannot be cut with a knife the threshold;

(8) cannot crapping in the water and the way;

(9) do not go into a house wearing a hat, or in the evening will be in outside;

(10) cannot be hat in turn;

Rainbow (11) can't use fingers;

(12) can't use broom dozen;

(13) can't use chopsticks off the pig, cat and a dog;

(14) on the first day, 2, 3, are not allowed to be spilled water washing a face to the door;

(15) day don't go out, the water village, pumi people think first of year if I don't see anything, geely will bring disaster to the year.

5, taboo to the elder

(1) children must respect their parents, parents must not favored children;

(2) the children to the elders, parents can't kidding, speak bad words and lie;

(3) can't play on the roof, otherwise don't respect the old man;

(4) can't elder maltreatment and deaf disabled;

(5) avoid in front of elders to burn your legs;

(6) avoid across from their elders;

(7) avoid is no respect for my uncle.

6, for women,A pregnant womanThe taboo

(1) women cannot have plowed the fields palm rake;

(2) the women cannot kill chickens slaughtered cattle, cannot kill;

(3) women may not be the beatles head into the house, only dead old man in the home, women can beat bulk head;

(4) women's long hair into the house, not only dead old man in the home, women can long hair;

(5) the women can't go to dispute resolution and rally the activity;

(6) women may not be hosted worship god worshipping ceremony;

(7) pregnant women banned from all kinds of ritual activities;

(8) pregnant women not to eat rabbit meat, mother pork, mutton, and beef, goose meat, chicken, pork, ginger, etc.

(9) pregnant women can't sit on the pig slot ship, can't attend the funeral;

(10) pregnant women can't go out after dark, otherwise it will lead a ghost with;

(11) womenpregnancyLater, not with her husband in bed;

(12) women pregnant, her husband should not join any lift thereof;

(13), avoid to hurt women, especially in pregnant women.

(14) ban pregnant women into the maternal home;

(15) cutoff woman oratory;

Maternal (16)To have childrenWhen a stranger stepped into the delivery room.

7, to the child's taboo

(1)babyBefore birth, not for the suit;

(2) gauge khan (or bar) named the baby to chant buddhist scripture spirits, may not be a stranger into the house;

(3) children can't play with fire;

(4) avoid children into the crematorium;

(5) avoid children to stick to play, so as to avoid crushed soul.

8, taboo for others

(1) can't despise the sick;

(2) can't talk with the finger of the bridge of the nose,

(3) feet can not be in the head higher than others;

(4) the guest leave master can't close the door after;

(5) the lunar 30 in the evening, avoid have guests.