The ramayana (Sanskrit, R ā m ā ya?A, meaning "rama adventures", and "mahabharata" and listed as two major Indian epics.Referred to as the original poems in the history of Indian literature, it not only occupy a lofty position in the history of Indian literature, but also to the entire South Asia and religious produced extensive and far-reaching influence.Encyclopedia is verse, written in Sanskrit, versification are almost lose los (free translation), and 2 rows per day, 16 each syllable.The full text is divided into seven chapters, 24000 on words.O content focuses on more than Wang Ziluo mo tuo countries (Rama) and his wife informed (Sita) story.

Books introduce

The ramayana and the other a longer epic "mahabharata" is the foundation of Indian culture, and to the development of Indian literature, religion has considerable effect, "journey to the west" in Chinese literature are also affected by it.The hero of the story rama and even in the position in Indian culture is equivalent to the status of Jesus in the Christian world culture.

Ramayana book is not as early as 300 BC, the second chapter to the sixth chapter is the original, the first chapter and chapter 7, may be later (not before 200 BC) added in, the original will rama described as a hero of the ideal, but then added sections rama said to be the incarnation of Vishnu, two parts are inconsistent with words.

The book on the basis of the vedic system, rama and Russian devil king rehoboam the between (Ravana)The warFrom 2005 until 880147, the Indian traditional almanac is compiled according to the calculation, but is not accepted by modern historians.

Traditional Indian think rama ") is the avatar of Vishnu, he kill devil king rehoboam the, established the religious and moral standards of the world, god had promised valmiki, as long as there is mountain people still need to read the ramayana.

In the 1970 s China Sanskrit scholar ji, bao-sheng huang translation the ramayana, for the world in addition to the English translation, yet the only foreign language versions were.

Meaning "rama in the ramayana parade" or "ramayana".Rama is India's ancient legend.After being deified.

With a book s author

Legend is the author of this epic poem colophon Milton, or cutting, mygeeto, free translation valmiki.Scholars although have disagreements, but all the book, written while s is different, and the new and old components, but the basic style is roughly uniform.So there is likely to be a writer processing have been carried out to the book, the author is valmiki.Valmiki birth s is unknown.According to legend, he was born brahmin family, after being abandoned, was forced to steal to survive.Legend has it that his meditation practice for several years and motionless, countless ant nests on live, body became the ant nest, so called valmiki.Some people say that he is an ancient fairy, or golden bird, the son of the others experts say is a grammar.When the messengers of god told him the story of the hero rama, qualification of mediocre valmiki could not put it down.Until one day, he saw a hunter shot dead in the woods a male curlew, female curlew bellow because of fear and sorrow, in the face of the scene, the indignation unceasingly valmiki blurted out match the rhyming words, a beautiful and harmonious verse that magic was born, this is later generations called lose of the short ode body, he is in this verse created the ramayana.Now indicate the author has been shrouded in the mists of myths and legends, the historical authenticity to textual research, they are likely to be the author of the original form of the great epics, it is possible that in this big epic fictional author in the process of formation.

The ramayana initially oral tradition, add and delete, because people varies from place to place.Written later, still no this.Generally accepted in the encyclopedia article 7, 1, 7 night out, 2 ~ 6 is the more primitive parts.Therefore, this includes 24000 ode (modern fine school-based for nearly twenty thousand) the great epic never into the time, it's about in a book s 3, 4 to the 2nd century b.c. Between.Book 7 order is: "childhood", "more than o tuo", "forest", "monkey", "beauty", "fight" and "after".

The main plot

Epic in rama and wife more sensitized to the storyline and performance within the Indian ancient palace and the struggle between nations;Because between the many myths and legends and stories, depicting the natural scenery and battle scenes, spent too much ink so big.Plot roughly as follows: more than tuo city king ten o king have 3 queen, had four sons, the eldest son rama.Rama by tournament wins, married princess "mention they noted.Ten king of old, decision made rama prince, succeeded to the throne.But his queen, and second, the maid, who raised exile rama for 14 years and her closesonRetusa mostly cockiness requirements of the prince.As ten car king promise first, must answer the requirements of the queen.Rama for father do not break faith, willing to exile.Noted for husband and wife of love, ten more car king wang biological child Luo Shenman after that to the friendship of brothers, is willing to accompany in exile.They three people leave capital soon, ten car king or die of depression.At the time, don't know more of Borneo, recalled a father was buried, and succeeded to the throne.After he learned the truth, denounced his mother, held after the father's funeral, go to the forest to find rama, he ascended the throne, make him.But he refuse, be sure to go back the expiry of the exile, etc.Suoluo had to back to rama shoes for more on the throne, to the regent.Rama three people through the disasters in the forest.Lanka island ten devil king rehoboam the of sita, rama association with the monkey, the monkey god hanuman, especially under the help, finally defeat voldemort, rescue sita.But rama suspect more chastity, made her cast fire since the Ming.Vulcan reveal noted from the flames, proved her chastity.Husband and wife reunion, exile also expires.O rama returned to reign as king, more than tuo city in the new millennium.But the twists and turns, rama heard and noted many folk not virgin, for violations of public opinion, bite the bulletpregnancyHe noted many abandoned on the Banks of the Ganges.Get valmiki faery care more, living in forest net, and gave birth to a pair of twins.Rama held horse, after valmiki arrange twins meet with rama, put here to rama more virtuous, but he still thought to the public.Noted many helpless, to the earth mother for help, said that if his immaculate chastity, please the earth for her.The earth opened immediately.About more than jump into the earth.Finally rama brothers were float into the kingdom of heaven, to god Vishnu.

The book was written rama the story of more sensitized with his wife.Space is so big, there are two reasons: first, as with other Indian ancient books, insert a lot of little story;Second, depicting the natural scenery, such as battle scenes spent too much ink.

Points overview

The first paper "childhood"

Both is a similar wedge, introduced in book form and content of the book.Then the main story book.Ten car king no children, please held antlers fairy son big offerings.All of the gods came to the field.Them great god avatar of Vishnu, please cut off the Russian Wang Luobo there.Avatar of Vishnu is 4, four sons born for ten car king: rama, Borneo, Luo Shenman that set see Lou and only that.Great brahma to help Vishnu, asked the god created the monkey and rama ping demon.Big fairy and all the friends come to ten car king asked him to send rama to drop the magic on the court.Rama Luo Shenman that ran away with all the friends and brother cut off the demons, to cover up the exhaust and Wang Chaoting, god rama snap bows, with notedTo get married.Sita is covering the dragon's king picked up her daughter from the ditch.

The second more than tuo "o"

Mainly about ten car king palace struggle.Ten king of old, decision made rama prince, succeeded to the throne.Ten little ploy, auspicious and Iraq after stress car king rama exile, let his own son, but shiva, namely the throne.Rama is a filial son, resolutely follow his father's orders.More is a good wife, must accompany rama exile.Luo Shenman that is his younger brother, determined escort, older siblings.So farewell parents, three people set off into the forest, the exile of 14 years.Polo is also a good brother, no matter how to don't want to came to the throne.He went to the forest with a great army and advised rama back home.Rama is not willing to, give yourself a pair of shoes to more of Borneo, as a double.Borneo hold more pair of shoes to return home, generation of rama regent.

The third "forest"

Portrays the life of the rama, 3 people in the forest.The forest is full of Russian.They were to eat people, get everybody.People living in the forest I blame daughter rama.Lanka city ten Russian caleb Wang Luobo that first mile thin sister that came to the forest, fell in love with rama.Rama introduce she turned to Luo Shenman there.That anger Luo Shenman cut off her nose and ears.She turned to brother Galois first.Then fled to Lanka city, urged ravana to of sita.He ordered small demon into golden deer, the Cairo, seize the opportunity of sita.Rama brother in the forest looking for more traces and through the trees, the river, the hills, the beast, have no definite answer.They were later met king golden wings bird, didn't have to know whereabouts, she has been devil king rehoboam the bullet to Lanka city.Golden bird wang li urged the alliance with Monkey King rama, mutual rescue sita.

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Article 4 the monkey kingdom"

Tell the story of rama alliance with Monkey King.Rama with Luo Shenman that came to a wave of lake.Blossoming spring made caused rama, wife of love.Brothers here they met god monkey hanuman, and under the hanuman urged ally with Monkey King must jie li shiva, mutually agreed: rama helps the Monkey King to kill his brother Pauline, regain the throne;Monkey King helped rama looking for his wife.Is at this point, the wave Lin Laitong Monkey King.After rama stealth tree, with close shot Pauline.Then give the monkey held initiation (crown).But after the Monkey King zionist, indulge in debauchery.Luo Shenman that scold come, he has only wake up to reality, immediately sent soldiers monkey monkey will, to all parts of the earth trace about more.Hanuman was sent to the south, along the way he met golden wings bird the king's younger brother monk shiva.Monk who told him saw he hijacked to Lanka noted many city, rama and rate of monkey soldiers came into the sea.He sent the hanuman sea reconnaissance.Hanuman leaped over the sea.

Article 5 "beautiful"

Hanuman jumpedThe seaLater, come to Lanka city.He turned into a cat, into the city, visit everywhere.Finally came to the palace imperial garden, found that the Lord had imprisoned more informed, and saw more persevere, resist the devil tempted.He guards the timing of many Russian women leaving went up to her to put the rama sign of submission to her.In order to want to try the Lord's power, he make Lanka city.In the end he nabbed by beelzebub, tails are tied on something burning.He looking to escape, everywhere, strong anti-inflammatory, Lanka city on fire, then hopped the sea, to the rama outreach.

Article 6 the "battle"

One is the longest book that describes rama rate monkey soldiers fighting the magic weapon.Heard of rama led the army of monkeys came to the sea on the other side, the devil king rehoboam military meeting.Hand over his brother d which the sand the idea more and be at peace with rama.The Lord is great anger, put him away.He is over the sea to rama.Rama may, with the help of Poseidon, sent the sea-crossing bridge.The monkey army across the sea, the Lanka surrounded the city.Then just launched a fierce fight.Rama brothers are badly wounded.God monkey hanuman was appointed to the north mountain, mount of characteristic collection bone, to rama brother injury.But this product is hidden.Hanuman so the whole mountain ji luo she holds in her hand, to the front two ranks, use this product to cure rama brother's injury, and the mountain back.Finally he and sons were killed.King rama made dimension which the sand that Lanka.More fire since Ming and reunion of husband and wife.At this point the expiration of 14 years in exile, rama home victory.

Article 7 after the article"

Is the last article, the book from the content point of view is added.This article structure, confused or roughly can be divided into two parts: one is to reconstruct the source of the item and he and the history of the hanuman, beautify the monkey god;The second is about rama and sita second clutch.Here, from a persecuted rama varied victims to the feudal autocratic tyrant.He doubts about infidelity, life Luo Shenman noted that will be pregnant more left in the wild forest.Valmiki fairy adopted her.She gave birth to two sons.Valmiki written in the ramayana, teaching second child.Then in rama court, Jin father son.Valmiki brought about more than that of her chastity.Still don't believe in rama, noted more for help to the earth mother, the earth cracking, she jumped in.The last is a family reunion in heaven.

All epic besides the main story, also insert a lot of small stories, myths and legends.

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Ideological content

For more than one thousand years, the epic tale of the trunk with all kinds of explanation.The HinduACTS think rama is god, and thus the epic as a holy book.Western scholars believe that the epic mapping is the process of agricultural technology spread from India to the north to the south, because the original intention is a field of many furrows, symbol of agricultural technology.Some argue that it is a hero carol beat hard and violence.Ten car king contradictions appeared on the court, celebrating rama initiation for varied festive scene to wail for the prince to leave.Ways to solve the contradiction between only self-sacrifice, and rama and other 3 people to exile.Author through the palace intrigue, to promote a set of ethical doctrine manner, father and son.In association with the monkey, destroy the zionist reunion of the husband and wife, and the author praises the rama the hero.His ideal is family and good stability;He supports the just war, but also consider the interests of the civilian of the slave society.Also, some say, epic produced in India history stage of transition from slave society to feudal society, the book version is the feudal moral doctrine.Rama is representative of the emerging landlord class, he relies on to a living farming;And he that represents decline slave, he eat meat for a living, nomadic activities.From the point of ethnic tensions, rama skin is black, is the original Indian representative;And ravana, although nominally a Russian, is actually a brahman, is outside the aryans.Sing the epic is the emerging landlord class, and vigorously promote monogamy, emphasis on women's chastity, shows the author's concern for the purity of succession.

Artistic achievements and artistic style

Works of art style is simple, concise and fluent, but has a JingDiaoXiLou tendency.It has been as a model of epic in India, most of the ancient and medieval literature materials.Its influence already far beyond India, especially in Asia, widespread and listed in the most precious of human cultural heritage.The story has already been introduced into China along with the translation of buddhist scriptures.People's literature publishing house published from 1980 to 1984, professor ji from Sanskrit translation 8 volumes of the ramayana versions were.

The reason why the ramayana in India and the world have such a significant role in the history of literature, in addition to the ideological content, and artistic skills.The ramayana and the mahabharata, content, style is very close, but the latter is known as "the history of the original legend", while the former is called "the original poem", its the main reason is in the aspect of artistic style.The ramayana although the overall style simple, concise and fluent, but has presented a JingDiaoXiLou tendency;There are very few poems even reached the "five colours xuan, eight YinXie chang", became the word and skills.This with "mahabharata" has significant difference.

The ramayana has four essential factors in the long narrative poem in ancient India: political contradiction (court battle, or other), love (loss), fight (between people, between god and man) between magic and landscape (four or six seasons of nature and mountains and rivers, castle, palace), and descriptions have reached a high level of art.From the point of Indian literature, the ramayana depicting the natural scenery, is has opened up a new world.The first is for the four seasons or six seasons, mainly concentrated in the fourth in the monkey kingdom;For paint at night, for the palace, such as article 5 "beautiful" hanuman in the imperial palace the eyes of the Lord, bling, glittering.Just depiction of palace that a cloud car accounted for a whole chapter, its elaborate to chase the vivid and meticulous can see.For India's sacred river ─ ─ the Ganges, is more popular.This for inspiration to the Indian people love the motherland's great rivers, played a big role.

Cultural influences the ramayana

India's domestic

For more than two thousand years, the influence of the ramayana.People in India is familiar with the characters and the plot of the epic, the hero worship;Especially hanuman became more ordinary people object of worship, almost everywhere in the countryside can see the statue of him.It is thought that many parts of India, especially Mr Wu DE lived in rama, the amazing macaques worship is closely linked with hanuman.Even the people often said some people mouth saying, also can show they are more familiar with the ramayana and love.Religious believers in an attempt to use the ramayana, to promote their own teaching.Political leaders also use it to promote his claim.As to the literary to say nothing.From kalidasa through BoPo bodhi is originated from the ramayana.In the 12th century, the ramayana has been translated into Tamil.Have all sorts of language followed by India, north and south of the ramayana pastiche or translation and rewrite.Around 1631, durer cedars adapted according to the ramayana "lake of rama deeds" (or "rama line work record"), as the Hindu gospels, made a tremendous impact.Until today, there are many people at home and read the ramayana, some temples also used loudspeakers broadcast the original Sanskrit of the ramayana.Based on the ramayana drama written everywhere.India's famous dance school and tower and mainly based on two great epic.

Foreign influence

The ramayana in the early centuries after about three road to abroad: north road, embarks from the punjab and Kashmir by land route to China (Tibet and xinjiang);South road, from the perspective of gujarat and south India by sea to Java, Sumatra and malaya;East road, from Bangladesh by land to Burma, Thailand and Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam, etc.Communicators are hindus, there are buddhist.Nearly all south and southeast Asian countries have the story of rama.The earliest traces were found in south Vietnam, south Vietnamese ancient is part of the champa kingdom.There is a valmiki temple ruins.In the temple there is a monument in the 7th century, when it comes to valmiki poems and of the avatar of Vishnu.Also have the story of rama in north Vietnam.In Indonesia, rama's story can be traced back to the 9th century.In central Java, there are many rama reliefs of the story.In malaya, the story of rama was widespread, but combined with a lot of the composition of Islam.In Cambodia, valmiki write rama written story with others.In Thailand, rama stories that have been popular in the 13th century before.Since the 13th century, Thailand has several named king rama.From 1798 to 1809, king rama I (current) founder of the Thai royal family wrote a story book rama.After several king wrote a story about rama or dance, they are based on the valmiki the ramayana, or other editions.Laos also has the story of rama.In myanmar, rama stories are widespread.

The ramayana and China

Chinese translation of the ramayana is started in recent years, but it's title and the story in the book, has appeared in the buddhist scriptures.Chen meaning translation for the mage serval disc beans "said:" the mage's sweetheart for crazy people.To Ji guest country.Constant in county, and dignity good lost, the solemn variation.Sometimes to focus on which the woman ShaYi, but asked the rama delay spread, all light."Asvaghosa bodhisattva made, after the play dove moro what translation theory of "the great stately, volume 5, said:" when the settlement of the brahman, have close to settlement and the Lord said rama delay book, suoluo his book again and said array war dead, life for life."Xuan zang translation of "the big which the sand, 46 said:" such as Na book ramayana has twelve thousand, only two things: a clear logic cut Na (he) will be more private (about);The two bright logic (i.e., rama) will be more private."Here the rama delay spread and Na ramayana, are the ramayana.Can be seen that the title of an epic already familiar to the People's Republic of China.As to the content of the story, also has been introduced into China.Wu Kang Senghui translation when The Three Kingdoms "six degrees of set of 5 (46 a story about a king's reputation.His uncle is another king, his army to invade.He in order not to let the people suffering, automatic let countries, with yuan princess escaped to trees.There was a dragon princess of the yuan.A giant bird with dragon fled.Bass plug size.Its power, the bird down, escape is the sea.For king princess, and met a big monkey, the monkey also deported from it's uncle lost.Both are forming good friends.Monkey King finally help to cut the dragon princess, zionist is king.This story is only half of the ramayana.Two yuan Wei Ji night and haze obsidian "miscellaneous treasure sutra translation by the first volume of the first story" ten luxury king edge ", mentioned ten luxury king (king of 10), rama, luo diffuse (Luo Shenman the), shiva radha hatred (sal) and destroy evil set (see Lou venerate the), etc., and also mentioned the king a few lady, shiva's third wife radha's mother.Her threatening the king rama and scrap shiva radha, as a result, rama was exiled for 12 years, finally zionist is king, but did not mention the monkey, Russian, or a dragon.The story is the other half of the ramayana.Two halves together, they form a whole.In addition, the famous Chinese myth sun wukong's image in the novel "journey to the west", some say from hanuman.In 1980, the Chinese version of the ramayana began publishing.