The origin of the manchu

Old manchu, manchu, is a branch of the largest in tunguska nation, according to the sixth national population census in 2010 showed that the manchu population is about 10.410585 million, ranking third in the 55 ethnic minorities in China, after the zhuang and hui.Mainly distributed in northeast China, including live in four provinces of liaoning, hebei, jilin, heilongjiang has the largest population, accounts for over 80% of the manchu population, in addition, Beijing, jilin, Inner Mongolia, northeast China's heilongjiang province manchu population over 300000, 1 million.

Main areas of manchu XinBin, xiuyan, FengNing, ytong, qingyuan, kuandian, devoted, KuanCheng, benxi, qinglong manchu autonomous county of 10, the paddock manchu, Mongolian autonomous county 2 enjoy treatment of autonomous county of the city of phoenix city and Bei Town city, and in liaoning, hebei, tianjin, Beijing, guizhou, anhui, heilongjiang, jilin, Inner Mongolia and other places set up more than 300 manchu township.

Language belongs to the altaic full - the tunguska languages.Manchu is now mostly used in the Chinese language and characters.A few years ago, manchu has fewer than one hundred people.But now with the language training course, manchu come into China of junior class, the manchu language gradually revival, more and more people to learn the language.

Manchu names is very complex, as usual, the manchu is said not for the surname, manchu names called o 'hara.The number about 1114.Known as "family name" are: qing imperial house's, rana Laplace, NiuHu eloth, Mr. La roche, guar's tunggiya and examines magiya hala, JiJiaShi, rich's, la's, selley, ShuMuLu, tang enclosed, after YanShi, etc.

Old old manchu, manchu clan, tribe banner, after xinhai revolution broke out in 1911, renamed manchu, manchu family due to various reasons, has mostly changed Chinese surname or abandon the manchu bannermen, to join the han.

The manchu traditional festival

Section 1. Awarded gold:

Is the day of manchu "celebrate".Lunar October 13, 1635, huang taiji ukase, formal change family name "nuzhen" for the "manchuria", it marks a new nation-state formation.In October 1989, the symposium on "the first manchu culture in dandong, officially put every year December 3 section" gold award ".Manchu people around the lunar October 13th, the manchu name day held a memorial service, spontaneously to mark the birth of the manchu.But when use of the name is not the same, or the "name day", or "birthday", or "day" and so on.

2. The Lantern Festival:

The fifteenth day, commonly known as"The Lantern Festival".As well as the han, the manchu also have yuanxiao hanging lights and the tradition of eating yuanxiao.

3. Go out:

The manchu women's festival.In the 20th day.That night, women groups, s&n, together or go ice sand roll, play or hilarity, is called "going out".

4. TianCang section:

The 25 day each year, the manchu rural families exquisite cooked sticky rice, sorghum is put in the warehouse, insert the kaoliang stalk stick weave a pony on rice basin, means the horse to carry food, have ample food and clothing.The first day, add new rice, even the add three times.Also some people made two hoe in rice sorghum stalks.This section in rural northeast kept so far.

February: 5.

Commonly known as "dragon day".On that day morning, the manchu people stove ashes in the courtyard, ash, bending such as dragon, therefore calls "the dragon".Then at a ceremony in the courts, pray for good.The whole family to eat "dragon beard noodles" and "dragon scales cake".Women this day do needlework.

6. Insect group:

June day, easy to make pests.Living in liaoning xiuyan manchu, FengCheng area in the past people day in June, a home a person to wang temple worship,Kill pigSacrifice, o bug report from danger, guarantee a good harvest in the fields.Now no bug lady ritual activities, but every air basks in clothings, on this day in case the bug eat by moth.Hungry ghost festival: manchu to July 15 for the hungry ghost festival, also as a "ghost festival" turn undead.Around the temple, set up the dojo, burning lamp to chant buddhist scripture, to all sorts of prayer.A wooden screen is placed in the west to the east, hangs on screen have cockscomb, edamame branch, fresh lotus root, etc., to be used for moon rabbit.A square table is placed before screen, for a big moon cake on the table.Offerings, incense kowtow, women worship first, after the man.

7. Hungry ghost festival:

The manchu to July 15 for the hungry ghost festival, also as a "ghost festival" turn undead.Around the temple, set up the dojo, burning lamp to chant buddhist scripture, to all sorts of prayer.A wooden screen is placed in the west to the east, hangs on screen have cockscomb, edamame branch, fresh lotus root, etc., to be used for moon rabbit.A square table is placed before screen, for a big moon cake on the table.Offerings, incense kowtow, women worship first, after the man.

Section 8. First:

The manchu people after the fall of the year Mid-Autumn festival, or the lunar calendar in mid-september (specific time) for collecting herbs for harvest the blessing of the activities.In the past the northeast manchu village every year first quarter in the face of changbai mountain, blessing prayer, thank the god to give CaiYaoRen rich gifts, this period again to ginseng is to worship at the shrine.

9. The laba festival:

Manchu people want the day bubble "laba" vinegar and boiled meat "laba".In addition to the whole family eat distributed to friends and family.

10. However:

The manchu off-year custom the same as the han Chinese.December 23, as "off-year".When families want to sacrifice to the kitchen god, commonly known as "the kitchen god".

11. The manchus: hang flags for the holiday

The manchu points "red, yellow, blue, white," four eight banners.The Spring FestivalWhen each flag of the people on the door hung up their flag.The flag design beautiful, colorful, symbolizes the auspicious beginning of a year.

Section 12. Eating meat

The ancient manchu no calendar, in line with the central plains dynasty since ancient times, so many festivals like the central plains, but due to regional differences and cultural differences and formed their own characteristics.February 1, is the han nationality and section, edible jiang rice flour for the sun the chicken cake, cake on a golden aureole, for the 2nd day.In history, the manchu called meat section at the beginning of February, for old Beijing manchu people, is a jisheng, a big holiday.Which recorded in "the tung's diary: thirty-three years guangxu (1907)" the first day of February, one carved into the palace of earthly tranquility meat, beginning of June, west door theory class, foreign ministry on duty."Jin yi, Shen Yiling by "ladies talk to record" there are also records of meat section.This day is the queen, she is going to rate each wangfu fujin son go to the kiosk of trajan, responsible for led to kitchen king cult at kun ning palace cultural sacrifice ceremony.Is different from the han, manchu from baishan blackwater in northeast region, where the spring phenology to lunar month didn't show up, so the beginning of February and section as the beginning of spring, commonly known as "meat".Other han Chinese is the "male don't worship, female people, and the manchu people not onlyA womanCan attend twelfth kitchen sacrifice activities in the home, in the cult bear ZhongKui meat section, the so-called "the home has everything, presiding over a man", so in the palace of the queen and housewife, that this is their bounden duty.

Palace cultural sacrifice activities held in the palace of earthly tranquility, stately palace the day here in slaughterhouses.Intrauterine placed a rectangle big wooden case in on the west side of main hall, bread on the tin.Case there are two deep pit, the pit two half man high hearth, placed above two large POTS, can be installed inside the whole hog.Case on both sides, there are two big wooden case exclusively to pigs, shaving, cutting.After pig slaughter in addition to the pig was left with a small pig hair was red rope fastened outside, all the rest of the back light, the pot boiled, and then lead him by a company officer, carried by fatigue to the bar in front of the hearth god.Before the ceremony were, pay more attention to in the palace in shenyang, and generally the eight banners soldiers also very seriously.

Legend, boil soup of pigs, as in a palace shengjing (shenyang) came, said customs clearance of pedigree.Sacrifice after salt-free white points given to everyone, dip seasoning to eat sliced before, this is to keep hunting ethnic ancient rules, called share happiness.The eight banners soldiers is generally a zc led (niru) daily activities, in the meat section manchu in general was this day is going to have a family reunions, to the heads of the fathers (have to) family reunion.Theory of worship and ancestor worship first, then issueing to receive a reward of white meat, drink congratulations, to celebrate the arrival of the New Year.Birthday this day, also known as the sun, and hang the holidays has worn a proverb, couplets, etc to be taken, face to the sun burn, the fire in the side said: "what to what."Although the name is "money," the sun, not the manchu people think that old YeEr (the sun) will give yourself to the sun's "money" double back to their own.Can eat meat, can go to their home.

13. In the spring of the dragon festival

Manchu people very worship of the dragon, is the dragon with the flag of the eight banners in the design, the manchus of life, all sorts of deformation of the dragon design form is very common.In the early 1980 s, along with the 6500 - year - old to 5000 years of hongshan culture image of the dragon, archaeologists in more than 5000 years ago on the historical origins of liaohe basin, found in this region the archaeological basis of civilization.Found in our country at present the image of dragon of the earliest discovered in Inner Mongolia chifeng city wengniute-kulun samsung he village, this dragon jade form resembles oracle pictographic "dragon" in the word, is China's earliest shapes of dragons have been found.Since the samsung he discovered, archaeologists successively in liaoning and Inner Mongolia and other places of hongshan culture sites discovered more than a dozen pieces of jade carving a dragon.At the same time also in liaohe river basin before the age of hongshan culture and the culture of the Zhao Bao ditch in sandong, depicting and put plastic dragons have been found.Moreover, liaohe basin archaeological findings and early dragon and relief form, wood carving, pottery, clay sculpture and painting, and found that the number of a total of 21 pieces.(Ding Ming: provide physical basis for the Chinese five thousand years civilization of hongshan culture, October 9, 2007 "reference information") in the land of the manchu interest-bearing find so many archaeological data, describing manchu "dragon" as its banner has its historical and cultural origin.But ancient manchu people used the image of dragon and is there a difference in the central plains, regardless of jinling cultural relics unearthed in Beijing and liaoning phenotypes of qing ling, the image of the dragon are dragon, body is shaped like a dog, not a snake.Since huang taiji proclaimed himself, the image of dragon that its use is similar to the central plains.

14. Bath FoJie

Bath FoJie lunar April 8 is Buddhism, particularly since the rulers, from the yellow emperor, noble, down to ordinary people in the Buddha.(big Jin Guozhi. FuTu) volume 36 "FuTu teach, although officials and contains many men and women to buddhist monks and nuns."Now in Beijing still remains many Jin Daijian pagoda on the earth, such as long fengtai store town on tower yungang village town on the hill to the east.Fangshan district long ditch township USES pool YanXing greatness spirit, haizi village, changping district of yinshan tallinn are shows that the ancient manchu people worship of Buddhism.To many in the qing dynastytempleAs xiangshan temple;In the north sea YongAnSi manchu lama, many imperial clan family also put their children into the temple to learn some buddhist scriptures, such as the famous scholar and calligrapher qi gong was Mr Yonghegong lama, later as honorary President of the buddhist association of Beijing, folklore Mr Chang Renchun has to Ann in fire when small Taoist temple outside the door.Chinese Buddhism Buddha's day is April 8th lunar month for Tibetan Buddhism on April 15th, so the whole lunar April are lucky month.At the beginning of the lunar green HuaiYin in Beijing in April, the pomegranate, besides "buddhist affinity" of religious activities, and beans, and set them free, will do good, the Buddha and activities, and hurrying, such as turn put dead hungry ghosts who spit fire first.Mainly include the folklores, shed bean.Manchu people with good pleasure, April 8th day many people in the street free edge beans and passers-by wangfu is no exception.Mr Kim to send water live "palace life: a memoir," a book: when it comes to farce, the prince mansion house edge beans before bath FoJie, namely prepare green beans, soy beans, cedar, pickled carrots and other raw materials.First then rinse beans, carrots cut ChengXiaoDing, cedar cut into segments, and Chinese prickly ash, salt, cooking to the eighth day date boiled in the early morning.When flange bean still remaining, first for the Buddha.The younger generation holds a small BoLuo after withdrawal for, by, edge beans inside, sent to the room, please the elders in a grain of beans, a grain of beans.The servant is no exception.Another two eunuch carried a big bundle of beans, a government handouts.Never put off till tomorrow what you can to return and reply #, as usual, say: "back too fujin peoples affinity!"In order to be a job."Beijing tong" "apotheosis" section includes gold by Mr Shen about "s edge beans" wonderful, very vivid.

Ushered in the garden over the Buddha's day, just xia yuan jun's birthday.Beijing east, west, south, north, in the top four empress temple, and jingxi the miaofeng mountains and pinggu bun mountain jinding empress temple and chongwen door fairy empress temple.Mr Jin Qi 骔 said in his book on the outskirts of Beijing manchu "empress's standing in the barracks, second only to master.They also know the relationship between the several temple empress, it is said that is meat, age is a teenage girl, was born to a mother's blood sisters.One day his mother took his three daughters to go to the south (outside ZuoAn), big girl don't want to sit on the table sweetmeats not of the hall, on mother block also can not stop.Monks in the temple to persuade "she go up, there must be a foundation, don't stop her."Who knows the girl a golden niches, immediately, I became the empress of the flesh.Mother of grief with the rest of the two girls to go to the north (outside the stable door), two girl sit in the niches for changed again, became the north empress.Mother had to go home with three daughters, who know the way home in the three girls bothering go to west temple, the mother also agreed that the three girls were at the top of the west temple, become flesh empress."This west temple outside the fire gate orchid indigo plant outside the street south, April 18 temple fair.

The manchu customs and taboos

Manchu dining etiquette many customs and diet.As the god of the sacrifice made cakes, meat, passers-by can share, but generally can't bring, after eating is not allowed to wipe your mouth;Elder people in the home, don't move chopsticks, junior people never move chopsticks;Chinese New Year while killing swine, have the relatives and friends, neighborhood with the habit of eating meat blood sausage, please.

Manchu avoid kill dogs, to eat dog meat and dog skin, dogskin hat.Because of the manchu long engaged in hunting, but the dog is a indispensable "assistant", winter also use dogs to pull sledge, become an important tool.Therefore the manchu has respect dogs, at ordinary times carefully captive to the dog, the dog died buried, they don't kill dogs beat a dog, don't eat dog meat, don't wear GouPiMao, don't spread dogskin cotton-padded mattress, people wear GouPiMao blend manchu family, the host will not be pleased.

Many people not good impression to the crow, and even has the feeling of disgust.But the manchus exception, they instead coax a crow, instead, to cherish.In manchu inhabit a region, the courtyard of a lot of people have a tall wooden pole, the pole is to the ravens, magpie and stand, on the wooden pole with a bucket, in fights with pork, pig launching and rice food, to feed the crows and the magpies.

Manchu sacred parts of the western wall as to worship ancestors, are not allowed to hang clothes here, posted pictures;The west, commonly known as "the Buddha" kang kang for board "fathers".Taboo people especially women sit casually.Usually the guest will not rest at west kang, more not promised dogskin hat or whip here.Avoid dozen dog, kill dogs and diet of dog;Do not wear GouPiMao, shop dogskin cotton-padded mattress, taboo to wear GouPiMao or dogskin cuff of the guests.

Not from cookstoves, tripod over the fireplace, cannot use foot cadence or literally sitting on cookstoves or all;Are not allowed to be on the cookstoves mouth or pond baking feet, socks, shoes, boots,It is forbidden to eat the rest of the food, bones, bones, and threw it into the cookstoves or fireplace.