The origin of the naxi nationality

Naxi nationality is the ancient qiang people, descendants from northwest hehuang region warmth-loving creature, and indigenous fusion and form.To the wei and jin dynasty, qin and han dynasties, the naxi people migrate to dadu river and yalong river basin, mainly nomadic, livestock.

The tang dynasty, some naxi ancestors along yalong river south, arrived in lijiang.Then send troops south, established the first regime in eastern erhai lake - the letter.History according to the analysis a letter to the "best and the soldier, element as something to avoid".The analysis in not too long been nanzhao, a letter to the naxi ancestors south pace from this check.

Since then, the naxi ancestors back jinsha river middle reaches basin;500 years, in the tang dynasty, the nanzhao, tubo three strong hard weeks between the cracks of turning, hard to survive.This special environment molded the national character of the naxi deep tenacity, flexibility.At the same time, the culture of the naxi nationality by the three culture moist, representatives of the dongba script into the national culture.Song dynasty, the political environment of the naxi ancestors have improved: north of tubo dynasty apart;Nanzhao also fell into chaos;East of the song dynasty is struggling to cope with the northern nomadic people, unable to running southwest."So after something, something, Dali can not have, cannot to tubo, song also abandoned its land, into ou of xinjiang, after three hundred and fifty years."Naxi people won the independence of a rare development opportunity.At the same time in the social and economic production to obtain the full development (farming civilization has replaced till half animal husbandry production status), do some of the tribes scattered on the political gradually unified;Improve the dongba culture system gradually.

After the qing dynasty, wood's influence gradually decrease.Reason is once again into the central dynasty in Tibet over territory, make the lijiang lost "southwest barriers" political geographical advantages, and wood's tusi holding lords economy gradually has become a negative factors hindering the development of the productive forces.Lijiang 1723 gai-tu-gui-liu policy, wood's tusi later recovered, lijiang economy, benefiting the lijiang landlord economy rapid development.Handicraft industry also gradually prosperous, the pattern of the ancient city of lijiang eventually formed.Double suicide phenomenon which spread in great quantities, lijiang is referred to as "the double suicide" outside.

opiumThe warLater, naxi areas have also entered the social turmoil, here to LiJiangRen commonly known as "gone with the eighteenth year of" particularly damaging.Qing xianfeng, stagnation, lijiang, Dali Du Wenxiu uprising fight for 18 years, lijiang losses.Mr Picture source of lijiang is one with ":" light years (1821-1850) account under 6405, 3128276 male woman size guangxu dynasty account 15152, size of 46456 men and women, compared with four 5 light toward the reduction of registered permanent residence, all one 8, salted with back to the han fighters killed brutally clear."

Xinhai revolution naxi people's positive echo, announced from the qing rule, and participated in the nation and other sports of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal movement;The naxi lying in the Anti-Japanese War in 400, when the mainland traffic line was cut off, the Japanese in the late fall of myanmar, China's road traffic line only kunming, Dali, lijiang, Lhasa, Nepal, India this one.The lijiang became important transit point, business, culture, education, which reached its zenith.

The naxi traditional festival

1.The Spring FestivalLarge flocks

Naxi language is called "with rush 锃", as the Chinese New Year day, also known as the "library".From the Spring Festival during slaughter goodies for swine, lunar lunar month, did not come to an end until the fourteenth day to worship.New Year's eve has a "pig head" stew and slaughtered chicken customs, caterers to all kinds of dishes and fruits, thanks to the "kitchen god", meet the ancestors "home" for the holiday.Dinner, as did not return home someone to go out, also want to pay bowl chopsticks on the table, leaving Fried sweets, symbolizes family reunion.At the same time, to feed the dog with the rice and meat, observe what dogs eat first, meat and food there equal to predict the coming year.CanBi, the old man told the children at the edge of the fireplace national historical story, and then I eat food taken late at night.Some places have the habit of vigil.A man start on the first day in the morning, as usual, get up, wash gargle, is in the first placeThe fire;Is the fire to a point, expressed red geely in the New Year.Then, point three column incense, carrying a bucket, take skeet, to the river to buy "water", three times in the side draw water downstream, while mouth recite "good luck in the New Year, good".After you come back to buy water, others that get up, separately for worship and ancestor worship offerings.Women Fried yellow cake, milk fan and sheet jelly, men sweets and sacrifices are placed in the courtyard, then presided over by the parents, burn days, let off firecrackers, size first, east to the north after worship heaven and earth, and pray for blessing, shun cheong.Then, make offerings to the house pilgrimage.All this must be done when dawn came in, otherwise will be village neighborhood scorn for not hard-working.The morning eating Fried cakes, rice wine, soup yuan, such as vegetarian, eating.After dinner, a young man carrying a pot of wine, to the uncles or near to the family New Year's greetings to each other.Later, can with incense when neartempleBurn incense in prayer, pray that all peace.The new moon on the same day, most do not visit, some places to sharing the clan home New Year.Starting from the annual lunar calendar to the name of relatives and friends happy New Year, each other between take turns to treatHave a mealCustom.

Worship is the most ancient naxi and grand festival activities.Proverb "naxi worship", fully shows to worship in the position of the naxi people.Worship the Spring Festival and the autumn offerings.Spring Festival held during the Spring Festival, and than in the fall of the grand, so called "Spring Festival worship".The origin of the worship, legend is ancestor worship of the naxi nationality endure lyn and lining red or white life after marriage, long barren, after under the guidance to worship god parents, gave birth to three sons;Don't speak, but grow up once again large flocks, three sons to speak three different languages, became the naxi and other three people.So the naxi people think worship can bless, the reproduction and the healthy growth of the people fell patrimony.Yuan, Ming and qing in the Chinese history, there are also records of naxi people to worship.And a complete set of worship the disciplines and multifarious ceremonies, explain the naxi worship of ancient history.Worship worship, games are generally is in the place where is not far from the village, with stone build by laying bricks or stones into the field of square or rectangle, inside the dais.Pay more attention of worship also share field and field, cultivated around a tall evergreen tree, beautiful scenery, can accommodate dozens of people and the a, two hundred.No area of suburb or dam center, during the Spring Festival also take turns to fence in the individual booths to worship.Of the person in the same worship worship "worship group", usually by family lived in a village of people a few houses.Each family or close family "worship group" has its own name.1949 years ago, the worship of naxi group has a "shop", "GuXu", "ancient zai", "evil", "yu" and other names.Which in the different name of worship, is different from ancient naxi people's clan or tribe have origin relations.Big worship group of dozens of households, small dozen or more than ten households."Spread" of the worship of number of population, and to worship the time required for the longest, the complexity of the ceremony, "GuXu" worship the group number and the population and to worship. Also take to long, but the ceremony is "shop" brief;The rest of the worship contemplating the number and population less, shorter when the worship ceremony is also simple.Different worship group of worship after a first time, but is held on the fifteenth day of the day before.

Worship of all artifacts, require special and clean.Such as altar planted a tree around each chestnut (on behalf of the father in tienmu or heaven and earth), middle a cypress tree (representative huang), and the front two small chestnut tree worship endure lyn couple (representative), are sent someone to Gao Shanyan head to cut down, should be in a fixed place;Worship with m is called "god", want to choose white particles neatly, need after many washing;Small amount to worship m l and m bamboo basket, to hang on high at ordinary times, have to wash clean before and after each use.Worship god "pig", generally for two, by two take turns feeding, to ensure that the big pig, 30 jins, one hundred and twenty pig eight, ninety catties.Again such as thick as incense, teacup, long zhang yu should in the fall, you've prepared, before using special rub, and section labeled colored paper flowers ear, make it a day and don't extinguish burning.Other appliances, such as big ZengZi, pan, scale, knife, hook, forks, basin, chopping board, etc., all belong to worship group, usually by the relevant custody, shall not be used casually.

Naxi people through the Spring Festival to worship greatly strengthened the cohesion of group, and adjust the interpersonal relationship, to get the important purpose in the peaceful mind.

2. The white sands tools communication meeting

January 20, is a traditional festival of the lijiang naxi, the naxi language is called "white sands when empty holding", meaning "baisha dabao palace to open the door."This is from the Ming dynasty lasted white sands "dabao product palace" (also called the dharma hall), "glass house" and "big pavilion" temple temple, such as annual open the door, let people burn incense worshipping Buddha temple fair.Later became a predominantly agricultural implements communication festival, therefore, renamed the "baisha farm implements exchange".It marked the end of the Spring Festival activities and the beginning of the spring production.At the appointed time, the few farmers and urban residents of the fathers of both inside and outside, with white sands street, neighboring villages people almost is dressed up come to our family.Baisha street, near the square in front of the temple and the road, is filled with all kinds of iron, wood, bamboo farm tools.Especially Huang Li wooden handles for a variety of tools, and blow in a wide range of designs, play, shake, play, etcThe childToys, plus countless PuTan snacks and daily necessities, bustling, crowded.Communication meeting, farm tools, all of them are not only of children toys and daily groceries, also is only one year, so it is often said that at the meeting besides chicken bridle, can buy everything.

Section 3. 3

Also called "beiyue god will".On the eighth day of the 2nd lunar month every year.Is the patron saint of naxi sacrifice to the nation and the god of war "pu three" grand festival.Jade dragon mountain with three temple, flowers for jade dragon mountain in nanzhao was sealed: "hen", therefore, the temple, also known as the north YueMiao.According to the naxi folk legend, in ancient times there was a hunter found a strange piece of snow in jade dragon mountain stone, then back up to go home, go to the temple site todayIt snowsStone to rest, want to back up again and then sank back any further.People decided that the stone is the incarnation of god, therefore to build a temple consecrate it.Since then, the people we see a man in leukonychia and wore a Bai Kui, hand ZhiBai spear, riding a white horse god, often to the folk visions, protect the naxi people in victory, and free from disease, disaster such as fire and water, as well as soldiers.Is seen by some as the god pu 3 "o", and as the largest and most authoritative national god come to worship offering.Naxi wooden's tusi building, its three temples, big tripod and clock detailed ji three various flowers st mark, and the central dynasty please ChiFeng as "snow stone beiyue on business scene emperor".From then on, every year on February 8, and August sheep, distance of the naxi people gathered three temple, jade dragon mountain made sacrifices all-sheep called "ode to three" formal ceremonies.People mountain people sea, cigarette smoke, solemn atmosphere.The families also want to cook food at home, and burn incense.During the holiday season, teenagers can also invite each other to the field or meeting places, picnics and outings and other activities.In August 1986, the lijiang naxi autonomous county people's congress (NPC) standing committee official decision, established three quarter as a naxi traditional national holiday, the decision quickly get around the echoes of the naxi people.

4. The dragon king temple fair

Before and after the lunar March 15 of the dragon king temple fair, is not only the naxi people worship the dragon king's festival, is also between people of all nationalities as well as exchange of needed goods exchange event, session a week or so.The temple site in general on the side of the lijiang county ying tan (i.e., within the "yuquan park" of this), participants in addition to lijiang and nearby farmers of all nationalities, and kunming, Dali, baoshan, and even some businessmen from other provinces.When traders tent, commodity full of beautiful things in eyes, bustling crowd, lively curiosity.Locals rushed to purchase daily - mainland shipped, foreign mainly buy some native products, promote the aspects such as economic and cultural exchanges between the people of all ethnic groups.During the temple fair, also the naxi folk song sing, play the ancient naxi music and all kinds of cultural and entertainment activities such as horse racing.

Naxi people has a long history of the dragon.According to the records in folklore and dongba classic dragon class and the human are half-brother, then in charge of the universe, human only farming and livestock, and other natural lives are dominated by dragon class.The original people and dragon each word its duty, live in harmony;Later he constantly hurt dragon, dragon and retaliate in humans, the two sides contradictions increasingly intensified.After dongba teaching of gen defensor and hierarch dobutamine of mediation, the two sides concluded a non-aggression treaty.Human except farming and livestock to dragon class to assist want dragon kind things also many, sometimes hard to avoid breaking the dragon class of the article, praying to avoid disaster, humans shall make amends to the dragon class offerings dragon ceremony, and pray for blessing from danger.Due to generation of lijiang the foot of xiangshan ying tan who lived within the dragon king, naxi people for two years the qing emperor qianlong (1737) built in this dragon shrines, often sacrifice offering and regularly hold the dragon king temple fair, attracted a lot of people.

5. The horses exchange in July

Mid-july mules or exchange, is the naxi people and an important festival, generally in the middle of the lijiang dam sierra leone on the go.Session of the seven to ten days to deal lies mainly newborn piggy and other animals, in yunnan province and WaiSheng District farmers came to, deal, farm and sideline products purchasing objects such as the famous lijiang horse and bronze.Listed in the session, and tend to reach ten thousand newborn piggy clinch a deal the other animals (head), is the biggest market trading volume in the southwest provinces and regions.Now in lijiang city built fixed exchange site.According to the naxi folk legend, lyn and ancestor worship of naxi people who moved the world after having married lining red or white, by the way of heaven would easily also back to hometown, this is the origin of mules or exchange.According to history record, lijiang horse breeding was famous for the ancient times, known as the "flower Malaysia," said, early with the horses and bashu in places such as salt merchants exchange, the content of iron.In dongba scriptures, there are a lot of my wonderful life.The wood's order spectrum, also describes the Ming dynasty hongwu period, the lijiang local wood's objects such as mules to tribute, since all necessary lies in tribute.Visible, lijiang lies in the breeding and deal earlier is more developed.Launched the horses after communicating, naxi farmers sell newborn piggy breeding other animals become an important source of income, with mule horse out of an endless stream, gradually become a big folk festival.Session also organize activities of horse racing, such as ballad singing, everywhere is a lively spectacle, young men and women of the music and dance is burning, intoxicating.

6. All the torch festival

Held on 27 June 25 solstice lunar calendar.To generation to mark had to save two days of the naxi people.During the three days of torch festival, people want cheerful voices in the daytime, bull fighting, wrestling and singing folk songs;Good night, every family firmThe firePut in front of the gate, or put in the bread on the top of the rack or torch high tree, torch was decorated with flowers and fruits, competing claims;In the middle of the courtyard is ignited many small torch for kids to play with jump.Children in droves, hand linkman swirling around, young men and women, with lusheng dance for fun.

7. Hungry ghost festival "burn bag" ancestor worship

Hungry ghost festival of the seventh lunar month "burn bag" ancestor worship, naxi language is called "three beauty wave offering", is usually held in July 13, 14, two days.TanJia first day in the home to meet the ancestors, ready to several within a border with the operator prints, toilet paper and folded tinsel white paper package, write down the name of ancestors and tray sheng good, again take shakily, tea, wine offerings, such as front door in the form of decision for ancestral home.Then, put the above items at first the inside of the main altar, and add some dry fields, pastries such as flowers, to worship offering before dinner.BangHei the next day, the burned again took the paper bag to the river, and the ashes and some offerings thrown into the river, mean to send the ancestors back to they now live in hell.This two days just near evening then every every house is shut up, difficult to see pedestrians on the road, because imagine everywhere all have each ancestor's ghost in the activity and appear is profound.

8. Goddess worship lion mountain "dry wood"

Lugu lake is the lunar July 25th, sichuan and yunnan border on the mosuo worship goddess of lion mountain "dry wood" grand festival, also known as the "revolving around mountains day".According to myth and legend of the mosuo, stands in the lugu lake and yongning bazi between sierra leone is the embodiment of "dry wood" goddess, she is head of the population in this area there will rise and fall, crops and livestock and other necessities and increase or decrease, but also influences the fitness of women, marriage and parenthood."Goddess of dry wood" grow very beautiful, live in sierra leone on top of the cave, the male gods around will be subject to the jurisdiction of the her.She lived a "summer" marriage, there are a number of long-term and temporary summer, o men of the 25th of July each year on this day, around the mountain god must be party to this entertainment.Considered in order to give the "dry wood" goddess of inanition, bless and pray for her, on this day all want to put on the festival clothes, into the lion foothills to worship the goddess temple gate.Pilgrims generally more than 2000 people, with several or a dozen gang, lit, piles of pine with honey, zanba, ghee, wine, tea and flowers offerings, in good faith kowtow pilgrimage.Worship, singing and dancing to celebrate, and on a picnic.In return, often also activities such as organization racing, some young men and women together around sierra leone or lugu lake, love affairs, singing folk songs, and fun.

The naxi customs and taboos

Ride a horse to the front of the village must be dismounted, nor his horse to place in the heaven;Can't climb on a tripod or tenements in ash oven;Sacrifice to heaven and ancestors, when Mars, avoid is an outsider to watch.Avoid in sitting on the threshold and the axe with a knife on the threshold to cut things.In some places also avoid sing folk songs at home;No killing cattle, packhorse and roosters crow;Diet.

Young players must not pass in front of the old man seat;For the elderly avoid said name name;When people travel, family avoid quarrels, avoid is sweeping the floor;On avoid is sweeping the floor, and comb my hair, avoid quarrel crying, avoid cursing and avoid foul words;Worship the jealous about other people of vocabulary;The fifteenth day cream ye with a knife, hoe plow, grinding, reef, etc;Avoid is out of town, at the beginning of the 10th 5;Rat day and dragon, avoid marriage and funeral;Tiger, rabbit, avoid chanting;Snake, avoid bride belongs;Ma Ri avoid stand roof;Avoid women before the shrine across the fireplace;Avoid the white clothes, avoid white around the head, avoid jute leather belt;Avoid is put on the bowl chopsticks, avoid using switch when chopsticks;Avoid is usually read at home by open and sing his songs;Avoid is at home to read the wax offering prayers of mountain and the name of god;Avoid said heavy language at home;Avoid wearing mourning into people home;avoidA pregnant womanInto the bridal chamber;Avoid is at home to sing folk songs, whistle;Guest to host, discrepancy must follow certain azimuth, kang bed on sat, feet can not reach his tripod.

Marriage funeral, birth of the etiquette and taboos

In the naxi region, because you don't have a freely and invited then rushed to the wedding reception, nor as the host of "declined" and miss a chance of mourners.Because, for the naxi disaster and sad moment to get help will be the surest basis of friendship, even can eliminate the usual bitterness.On the other hand, if you only know when the festive joy, I do not know when grief sympathy, will be seen as a poor.

Do red, white wedding, gifts according to the amount and type of consanguinity distance and the depth of the friendship.Work on the same day, are close friends and relatives in public to send rice, wheat, sugar, wine, and the right amount of money.These gifts are collectively referred to as "human", by two people on the spot inventory records, known as the "human", after the settlement to the host face to face.More close friends and relatives are in internal situations present clothing, furniture, etc.If it is nonlocal visitor or general friends to attend the ceremony, can hang a "favor" gift money, in mind.

Naxi ancient passage of cremation, "gai-tu-gui-liu policy" to a burial.For the dead is generally going to recite sutras undead.Lijiang's funeral in many ways to save the national tradition, who gave up the ghost, the family that tao weep aloud, indigoeyes sent to relatives and friends.Families PiMaDaiXiao, knelt on both sides of the corpse.To DiaoJi friends and relatives, bowed to undead lamented kowtowing or to cry.Then offered condolences to his master, please master grief.The dead in the coffin or cremation, the animal sign phase grams of cream in the scene.The spirit before sent out obituary clan elders or hosting service unit leadership, read eulogy (or crying), scene is very tragic blue.When sent out obituary out spirit animal sign is the same person shall withdraw.Pregnant women to avoid the dead the way bypass.Filial piety male mule diet is the soul of the dead chicken.Dongba priests don't eat to the sacrifices of the dead.PiMaDaiXiao, avoid into other people's door.Filial piety male mule does not participate in the wedding.

Naxi on bearing more seriously, the "head" etiquette is unique: when the host familybabyWas born, the first chance to enter the family of the person is referred to as the "head" which is also called "life".At that time, whether the person is men and women, old and young, distance feeling, noble beggar, all want to be a guest reception.Host family first scoop a ladle of clean water (water) happiness please "head" to drink, to bless mother and son peace, health, happiness, and then the host cook rice wineeggsHospitality "head".