The traditional building orientation

In ancient times, building towards the determination of is a very important thing.It not only to consider the climate and environment sunlight, also involves the political and cultural factors.

China is located in the northern hemisphere mid-latitude and low latitudes, is decided by the natural geographical environment, building facing south to winter lee Yang, the wind in summer in Montreal, so basic to the south of China building.Not only that, the geological environment of Chinese culture also has the "south"."The south" become constitute a factor in China's overall culture.

Could even say that in a sense, Chinese culture has the directivity and space, is a kind of "culture" to the south.As in the ancient Chinese astronomy, divides into the star sky blue dragon, white tiger, rosefinch, xuanwu, north and south, east and west four palace and the palace, the orientation of the astronomical map coordinates based on face "astronomical" and the painting;In the ancient Chinese geography, the earth is divided into kyushu, early map drawing, generally follow the south west, north, ZuoDong right on with today's map coordinates azimuth phase plate, it is also the face south "look geography".What's more, all previous dynasties imperial rule politics is known as the "south","The I chingBiography: ", said the south saint, and hear the world, [and rule."In" rites ":" son of heaven south to stand."Confucius said:" harmony, can make the south."(" the analects of Confucius · harmony also") mean his students RanYong can do big officer.Visible, means the throne GuanJue south and a symbol of power and dignity.So ancient emperors, Kings, QingDaFu and state officials hold court trial scenes are all sit north to south, as a result, the capital of Chinese past dynasties, palaces, temples, state, county government yamen is south, the results make building towards also hold the connotation of culture.

The need of human production and living, has always been the impetus to the development of technology.Make calendar, geodesic view day, water conservancy, tongda qu, building civil require determination of bearing technology.Since the pre-qin was invented and use a variety of direction finding technology, such as described above.Archaeological data confirmed the palace after pre-qin and lay capital, etc., are in south as the main direction.Mainly to the south of past dynasties has large tomb.Building groups of major axis is usually the north-south axis."Rites" : "but jian-guo wang, distinguishes the founder, produced by wild kingdom, set officer position, to the people.Ruler "building orientation determine have always been concerned, the important building orientation of positive end or not, as a cure for sale event.Only bearing a straight, the order can be fixed, around to "chess columns division, according to the work as the mood" (the building), officer "set point", the country can have the order, achieve to Confucian country, people's livelihood, the purpose of world peace.

Dynasties kanyu home for building orientation, but also attaches great importance to and from the perspective of the use of a compass is not hard to find it.In fact, feng shui master to see feng shui, doing is two things, first one is the "soil and water" selective;The second is "bian founder" orientation.Tube's geographic refers to receive ":" the beginning of BuZhao by huang, camp chamber are Yin and Yang of the party, in points or the right to..., the living south and the north."Say again:" BuZhaoYing room 2, one mountain, for the integrity of the home for the first key."But, feng shui orientation in addition to the utilitarian and landscape factors, feng shui master thought building orientation in harmony with the universe of Yin and Yang qi and curtilage master the fate of the photograph echo, these make the feng shui choose to cast a layer of superstition color, led to the building toward the super utilitarian concept of sex and the emergence of complexity.

How to determine the building towards

The modern science and technology, directional in a variety of astronomical instruments, magnetic compass, theodolite, level, etc., than what the ancient rod, tube, compass accurate don't know how many times, really changed.It will focus on the choice of building towards what factors should be considered.

Building towards choice, involves the local climate conditions, geographical environment, land for construction, etc., must be fully considered.Select the total principle is: under the premise of the economical use of land, get more to meet the winter sun, summer to avoid too much sunshine, and conducive to natural ventilation requirements.From the point of long-term practical experience, the south is being more appropriate towards the building.But in architectural design, building towards the restriction of the various conditions, the south can't be used.It should be combined with all sorts of design conditions, adjust measures to local conditions to determine the scope of the reasonable construction head, to meet the requirements of production and life.

Choose building head, mainly from the following several aspects to consider.

All kinds of building towards the sunshine time and may get inside the bedroom metope and rizhao area.The sunshine time of building walls and rizhao area.The sunshine time of building walls, decide how much to accept the sun radiation heat metope.Because winter sun azimuth change the scope of the small, on the facing wall get sunshine time is a big change.In Beijing area, without shelter from building to building, south of the sunshine time of metope, longest, from sunrise to sunset, can be the sunshine.North metope day without sunshine.In 300 toward the south by east (west), within the scope of the winter solstice to nine hours of sunshine, and toward the east, and west is only 4.5 hours of sunshine.

Summer because the sun azimuth Angle change is bigger, the scope of facing on metope, can get some sunshine time.In southeast and southwest toward get sunshine time is more, north to less.The summer solstice 600 toward the south and east to west, sunshine time in more than 8 hours.

Building indoor sunshine, sunshine is broadly similar with metope.In Beijing area (Windows 2.10 meters wide, 1.5), for example, in the case without sunscreen, the winter in the south by east (west), within the scope of the 450 toward the indoor sunshine time is more, the winter solstice in this direction, were more than 6.5 hours of sunshine time.

At the same time due to the low Angle of the sun in winter, according to the indoor depth is larger, so in the south by east (west), within the scope of the direction of 450 indoor sunshine area is smaller.In 450 toward the north by east (west), within the scope of the winter solstice indoor devoid of sunlight.

Summer in the south by east (west), within the scope of the 300 toward the sunshine time is not much, and rizhao area is small, the summer solstice indoor sunshine, between 4 ~ 5.5 hours of sunshine area is only 4 to 7.3% of the winter solstice.On toward the east, and west, the summer indoor sunshine time is more, a very large area, and sunshine in the summer solstice indoor sunshine time is 6 hours, rizhao area is 2.7 times of the winter solstice.In 450 toward the north by east (west), within the scope of the midsummer indoor sunshine time is 3 ~ 5 hours, rizhao area is also less than toward the east, and west.From the perspective of the analysis of sunshine duration and the rizhao area, the best building in Beijing towards the south by east (west) 300 toward the range.

Various toward may accept the sun radiation heat on metope.Accept the sun radiation heat on metope, besides related to illuminate Angle and sunshine time, strong solar radiation and sunshine time semen.Calculated according to the measured values of many years in Beijing, most of the (January) and the most thermidor (July) to accept the sun radiate on metope, total amount, and make the sun radiate on total variation (figure 4-34), the figure shows that the winter facing to accept the sun radiation heat on metope, south of the focal/sq m, up to 16.529 million days.In 300 toward the north by east (west), within the scope of the winter to accept less than the sun direct radiation.

Summer facing on metope to accept the sun point-blank radial heat, east, west to the most, is respectively 7.176 million kilojoules per square meter, and coke 8.83 million/m2, south to take second place for 4.985 million focal/square metre, focal/square meters, north to at least 3.031 million days.Due to direct solar radiation intensity is generally low in the morning, afternoon, so whether in winter or summer, accept the solar radiation heat on metope, are by west toward a little higher than the corresponding by east toward.

Summer outdoor, the highest temperature is between 13 to 17, at this time the sun position is half a day on the orientation of west.Architectural towards the south by west 45-900 (west), within the scope of the direction of a western is relatively strong.

Various toward the bedroom, can get the amount of uv, the ultraviolet ray in the solar spectrum, have antiseptic effect and improve the indoor sanitation.In the day the sun ultraviolet ray, is increases with the increase of the Angle of the sun, so one day at noon before and after ultraviolet light the most, before, after the sunrise and sunset to a minimum.

According to many years of practice has proved that in the winter facing accept ultraviolet (uv) inside the bedroom, south, southeast and southwest toward more, toward the east, and west is less, only about half of the south.Northeast, northwest and north to bedroom, accept less uv, is only about a third of south and southeast to the left and right sides.This is because the sunshine time is little or no sunlight, only accept trace of ultraviolet ray of scattered radiation in the sky.From accept ultraviolet much to consider, therefore, south by east 45 ° to 45 ° west by west toward the range for a better building orientation.

Dominant wind direction and building toward the relationship.Dominant wind direction on the winter indoor thermal loss degree and the impact on the indoor natural ventilation in summer, so choose building head, should be taken into account in the sunshine at the same time pay attention to the dominant wind direction.

In the northern cold region, to building the cold winter, most of the major of the bedroom is decorated, should avoid to the dominant wind direction in winter, in order to avoid excessive heat loss, affect the indoor temperature.Such as the Beijing area, winter dominant wind direction is the north wind and the northwest, south by east from the north 60 ° to 60 ° south by west toward the range, in the leeward side, is the winter warm suitable toward the building.The diagram below:

In the south of the hot areas, strive for the good natural ventilation is to choose the construction toward one of the main factors.Building shall be toward the arrangement as far as possible with the dominant wind direction in summer on the incident Angle is less than 45 ° direction, make indoor get more drafts.

But when general layout is a determinant method, should avoid buildings are dominant wind summer (that is, the winter wind direction Angle of incidence is equal to zero), to avoid between the two buildings, and produce turning vortex area is too big, against the back of the building natural ventilation.In this case, the appropriate building towards taking with summer dominant wind direction Angle of incidence at 30 ° to 60 ° between orientation, facilitate indoor natural ventilation.

In a variety of sand areas, building towards to avoid facing sand season and dominant wind direction.Appropriate makes the structure of the vertical axis parallel to the dominant wind direction, wind season so can maintain indoor sanitation, reduce the massive walls suffered sandstorm.Also, attention to the problem of microclimate in the wind.Across the country, the wind rose, lists the around and summer all the year round in the wind direction frequency and dominant, searchable reference in design.

Buildings sit to and measurement

To accurately evaluating YangZhai feng shui, you must know the house took the Angle and forward on the ground plane, sit to for short.

What is the building sit down to?Building sits to come from people derived before and after the position at the time of sitting.When a person sitting, the spine is bearing is sitting, positive's position is to body.In other words, to, in front of the back for a seat."Sit" of the building is building buildings longitudinal axis back end on the ground plane Angle, to this is the central axis front azimuth.Geomantic art in 24 mountain to sit to the azimuth of the house.Buildings sit to in building the vertical central axis to sit to the building, in general, housing the orientation is vertical line in the back sit, this is to the other end of the vertical line in the azimuth.To include the house sitting to the gate and sit down to two aspects.Door and sit down to have the same house, there are also different.With houses sitting to different gate, should the other measurements.

A, sit to the whole building: building longitudinal building in principle axis is sit to the building.Modern city YangZhai complex shape, sit to particular case is particular analysis.Buildings sit to the measurement accuracy of analysis to YangZhai pattern of feng shui has enormous influence on the good or ill luck, must be carefully measured.Sit to prohibit, building good feng shui will give there, the adjustment of the proposed scheme is very may be wrong.

Second, the door to sit to:

1, gate house: a courtyard house, the yard of the ancient door always call a gate, because the ancient courtyard door is the door of the tile, is a complex is a separate unit.Now can call yard or garden door.The door just to have the same as the main building, some sitting in different house.So, to the door to method is not accurate.Total port, the door is always a courtyard door of location and made to sit in the courtyard to the yard all the houses of feng shui has important influence.The ancients said: "one thousand catties gate four two hall", that is to say the total door is very important, the total gate location is reasonable, so do sat to the right, and determine the total courtyard of feng shui is good or bad.Geomantic art stressed that must be set in side grow, set to be accurate, to receive outside hall bureau wang zhen qi.

2, unit total door: a city of tall buildings, a building can be divided into several units, each unit in and out of the total door, door is unit under normal circumstances, the cell door just to sit to is consistent with buildings.Unit total door pattern of feng shui feng shui to from the door in and out of all the units were all have an influence.

3, the unit gate: separate unit residential door, units of the door to sit to sit with the whole building to some of the same, some are different.

4, room door: housing units inside the kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, the door of the study.Room door no matter sit to generally, but the geometric center of indoors, measured in the door of each functional area, find out the various functional areas in the unit's orientation.

5, the balcony door that the door to the balcony.

Units to analyze a feng shui is good or bad, relating to this unit each door to measure respectively.

Three, polygon houses sit to not unified, to different units respectively, were determined to.

How to measure the house sat to?Clarify the meaning of the house sat on the, the next question is how to measure sit to the problem.

Measuring sit to feng shui compass is the main tool.Knowledge about compass will speak later, here mainly introduce how to use a compass to sit to the basic method for determination of housing:

1, circular or polygonal house: the main door of the vertical line is sit to the house.From the point of geometric center link to door in the middle of sat to use a compass to determine.

Determination of 2, rectangle house: on the back wall of the house sat to house sit to the back wall and the house is vertical.This is the back wall, front wall is to over there.Back wall is not flat, matchmaking should be parallel to the entire back wall, use a compass to measure again.

3, a combination of complex structures, should undertake unit group, find out the same sit to groups, respectively.

Four, must sit to several matters needing attention:

1, measurement must be calibrated before a compass, the bottom of the sea cross positioning line to the north of the north and inside dish should overlap.When both don't overlap, should be turning the seabed to the two coincide.

2, measure, to avoid the position of the steel, iron, wire, leave the with magnetic objects such as TV, radio, speakers of more than 1.5 meters, avoid the measurement error due to the influence of the magnetic material.Not in outdoor measurement under high-voltage wire, opening should be three to five meters away from power lines.

3, the back wall sit to directly measure, must pay attention to the back wall is straight, the wall is what kind of building material, if it is reinforced concrete or reinforced concrete columns, the back is not in the direct measurement on the wall, with a compass matchmaking should be measured.Compass and reinforced concrete slab should be more than one meter apart, is apart from the beams should be 1.5 meters apart.Measurement of modern architecture compass, a compass on the seabed, coarse is better, the thinner the compass, magnetic materials interference resistance, the worse.

4, measure to pay attention to avoid the peak period of sunspot activity, because the earth's magnetic field is in a state of instability.Before measurement, will Luo Panping on the table, after the needle still, observing a period of time, see whether the needle will shake, if needle is not regularly, illustrate the earth's magnetic field is in a state of instability, at this time cannot be measured.Should wait until stable needle fixed when measuring.

5, the compass must be maintained, the compass and the disk is in a state of parallel.If a compass is high, while low, can produce measurement error, affect the accuracy of measurement.

6, if the compass compass of cases, the needle is always high and low, unable to maintain balance.The cause of this situation and processing methods:

Thimble tilt, should replace the bottom of the sea.Compass is plastic cover, prone to static electricity and produce sticky end of the needle side of the situation, should eliminate electrostatic before measurement.One rust needle, a needle should be replaced.Underground magnetite, this place is not suitable for building, Yin and Yang are two houses.

7, magnetic north and south poles, with one end of the arrow is the southern tip of the compass.When measuring the southern tip of the compass positioning must point to the bottom of the sea line of the south, needle and the seabed north-south line, measured in this position is right.When measuring the southern tip of the compass must aim at the southern tip of underwater positioning line.