"Mahabharata" the content of the complex, everything important in ancient Indian epics and puranas legends are almost or mentioned.

directory

1 introduction

2 times

3 cultural heritage

4 ideological content

5 inheritance way

"The mahabharata" - introduction

The ancient Indian epics.With another epic ramayana, and listed as two great epics of India, by compared with the Greek Homer's two epic.But in India the ancient traditional literature, both are often not count as a class;The ramayana is poem, and "mahabharata" is the historical legends, and puranas belong to category."Mahabharata" existing book is clearly on the basis of an epic compilation, which not only has the long epic, and there are a lot of legends as interruption, and philosophy of religion and law of the nature of the works.So the length is very long, the general says it has 100000 "praise" (verse), once considered the world's longest epic.

"The mahabharata" - time background

"The mahabharata" a book about the time from the 4th century BC to the 4th century, eight hundred years.Its long-term creation and told in oral way, expand the content, the accumulation layer.It's a book s in India from the original tribal society into the era of national social, also from the vedic period brahminism into new epic period the brahmans (namelyThe HinduThe era of).In India, the epic conflict era as the background, the nations describing suoluo descendants of peoples of the two for the battle for the throne and a variety of struggle, eventually led to war.The result of the war, although have the battle, the soldiers died almost all fought and is a historical tragedy.

"The mahabharata" - cultural heritage

This epic of the process is ancient India together and save the national cultural heritage of a special way.This epic itself declared: "the teachings, interests and lust and relief, there is, elsewhere, here no, not elsewhere."That is to say, this epic content covers the all the splendor in the world.After this epic written in ancient India, therefore, regarded as "vedic" 5, which is regarded as "scripture".India's oldest four vedas (the rigveda the samaveda yajurveda and "Ada shiva vyasa vedic") is the vedic age "scripture", which is the epic "mahabharata" and classical age "scripture", namely "vedic" 5.To understand the epic "mahabharata" the traditional culture is a basic understanding of Hinduism.So, India's modern scholars believe that the mahabharata is India's national epic, with India's national "collective unconscious", is "the soul of India".

"The mahabharata" - thought connotation

"Mahabharata", a total of 6

Epic is not generally royal being written story, but significant opposition to the rulers of the two types of struggle, is weak to rape, insulted, damage to add insult to damage, suffered exile persecution and close to the people's noble arrogant to stand on the throne of the brutality of the noble struggle.Tone is to celebrate with strong battle power represented by the justice, condemned to the evil is represented.Hard fight fair, humility, kindness, and succumb to greed, arrogance, cruel.The misdeeds of is unpopular, even lu within families. Some elders also sympathy and partial pandavasEpic in gone with the people hope by comparing a wise monarch, rather than a despotic emperor unified the world.Epic is also loyal to the reality, of course, every war critical moment, it describes a degree of family are in the dark support use tricks to win, so that they reduce actually.This shows the author understanding of rulers are clear, did not infringe on real and blindly to beautify life.

Through the epic is the philosophy of law system."Law" as the structure of the country's social order, but also everyone should abide by the code of conduct.Law and illegal the standard of right and wrong, good and evil.Using epic story vividly expressed the thought, the last surviving a degree of the heads of the child hard war interpreted as is the embodiment of law and victory.Of course, this is far-fetched.

This work very early in various forms to the southeast Asia, has important influence on the development of local literature.It has been translated into modern India some of the major languages and English, French, German, Russian and Java language.Chinese translation and translation, only no versions were.

"The mahabharata" - the traditional model

After "mahabharata" a book, in the form of oral and codex.Codex materials used mainly birch bark and bay leaf.Began to appear in the 19th century "mahabharata" printed text.At the beginning of the 20th century, western scholars to realize "mahabharata" for the study of Indian culture important academic value, had planned to compile "mahabharata" school-based, interrupted by the first world war broke out after work.Since 1919, the country a number of pundits to restart the work, nearly half a century, in 1966 the qi "mahabharata" encyclopedia of pure school-based.

"The mahabharata" - Chinese versions were

"The mahabharata" is the essence of school-based Chinese versions were based on.This translation work began in the eighty s, initially launched by he."Mahabharata" the book is divided into 18.Mr Translate the book beginning chapter four metal restricting wood as shown great brahma ride a crow van, he and the seats will be finished in 1986, the translation of zhuang the first paper (at the beginning of the article).Published difficulties but at the time, because the general press can't easily accept the long plan.Until the end of 1999, China social sciences press with academic career more, accepted the publishing plan.Translation as "mahabharata" restart, he in myocardial infarction, 1991 premature deaths.Since then, the translation shall be presided over by bao-sheng huang, and in 1996 was listed as key research projects.Attend the translation work before and after a total of eight Sanskrit scholars, lasted for more than ten years, finally completed in 2003 translation of the book.

The translation of the book focus on academic norms.The poem chapter, and indicated the serial number.Add the necessary comments translation.The poem 18, each front all written introduction, introduced the main content of each, a brief evaluation, also provide the necessary cultural background information or do some hints to the worth studying problem.China social science publishing house will also be "mahabharata" as the book, carefully editing and printing, published in 2005.

"The mahabharata" - the author

Epic, the author of the Indian tradition says vyasa (broad) immortal.Is the illegitimate child of fish privet letter before marriage.Jane letter later to marry the king, gave birth to son, wu, wu died shortly after marriage, left two widow.F body king at risk of sever heirs.So, Jane letter to uniting the ascetic vyasa in forest, let him instead of generation, wu brood, gave birth to a son as a nation, c and d duro.Since then, vyasa still forest seclusion.Witnessed and participated in the two communities with countries like the ancient philosophers and degrees of abital struggle process.Five brothers in the pandavas after the ascension, created this epic.But to vyasa legend has no proven.

"The mahabharata" - a book s

"Mahabharata" the meaning of the title is "the great suoluo multi-race story".It's about a book s between the 4th century and in the 4th century BC.Epic is the era of many hundreds of years before and after the product of accumulation and processing.It has many different handwritten this come down.India pu school-based according to the version of the essence of all write a collating, published in the 1960 s.In addition to south India editions of the school magazine.

"The mahabharata" - the main plot

vyasa

Epic poem written in Sanskrit, the use of dialogue, a total of 100000 praise chung (each as section 1 double lines of verse), modern essence is school-based for more than 80000.The poem into 18 article: at the beginning of the article ", "assembly", "forest", "which the luo article", "prepare for the article" the moon god sculptures, Vishnu mo article, "DE Barcelona article", "caleb,", "Sally" article ", "the night", "women", "peace", "teach commandments article", "horse the article", "Lin in the article", "pestle wars", "travel", "heaven".Finally with a great benefit lineage, sometimes as article 19, is actually another independent work.The poem to dispute the Indian society as the background of The Times, the nations more narrative suoluo race for descendants all Lou and pandavas power struggle.

A beautiful spring day, the sky eight immortals brothers, with their beautiful wives to play in the world.On a piece of green grass, a beautiful cow calf eating grass.Cow has the fur and provoking fondly of brocade.A woman was attracted by a cow, she asked to fairies and take away cows, her husband know that this is extremely abundant fairy cow, advised her to give up the idea, but she would not from.Finally, with the help of the brothers, finally they stole the cow and calf.

Extremely abundant fairy is a very big fairy with mana.He came back and found the cow was gone, being magical, quickly see who is the person who steal an ox.He issued a curse: eight immortals brothers will do fell mortal.Extremely abundant big fairy and curse is very profitably, is sure to become a reality.Eight immortals brother very regret, together they ask big fairy for forgiveness.Big fairy under their pleas, the curse reduced: seven brothers all must go to the earth, but the mastermind of cattle will stay in the world.

Eight immortals brothers went to ask do their mother goddess of the Ganges, company good goddess Ganges river before giving birth to seven children are thrown into the Ganges, and let them wash away sin, resurrected for god.The Ganges woman god was moved by their sincerity, she promised to their request, then turned into a beautiful woman to the earth.She is beautiful and graceful body appearance, brought her to get the king fu body of the king of love in the world.

inTo get marriedBefore, they booked a pact;The origin of wang fu body don't ask her, shall not interfere in her behavior, obsessed with the body of the king consented.Every year of their marriage, they live happy, gave birth to a handsome boy, but his mother every time the child dropped into the Ganges, and smiling back to her husband.Were shocked by the king, but about before marriage, so we have to endure in silence, it lasted for 7 years, 8 years gave birth to a child, 8 f king unbearable, finally to stop his wife.Husband default, big fairy's curse is achieved.Goddess Ganges tell her husband, took his little son.Son be sent to the big fairy, learning all kinds of knowledge, practice various ability, grew up to return to the body the king's side, become yingwu, erudite, good character.The king made his prince.The king after the loss of his beloved wife, more than ten years are disgruntled, also didn't marry again.Once, when he saw by the river a large waist, like flower like jade, and send the extraordinary fragrance fishermen's woman.He asked the woman to marry him.But women's condition is put forward by the father to his daughter gave birth to son succeeded to the throne.F body king has the Ganges female gods son made prince, can't promise.He is unhappy happy again.Prince to know why, he swore he would give up fishing father prince, vowing a lifetime don't marry, so to ensure that the fishermen's female offspring held the throne.Fishermen's king of female body and finally got married, they gave birth to spend about two sons and wu.Flowers have long been dead.Chi wu has two sons, one is called a kingdom, and one is called a degree.The kingdom was a blind man, but he has headed by difficult enemy 100 sons.Degrees there is headed by brahman established immortal war five sons, but all outstanding martial arts.

With countries like the ancient philosophers and degree of abital grew up the competition and conflict, after be brought up again for the throne.Is for exclusive jiangshan, often want to murder battle brothers.Once he built a house with gum, let established five brothers, when they live in, and set fire to send someone to gum house most easilyThe fireAnd suddenly burnt down to the ground.Fortunately, a report came hard battle brothers from prior dug tunnels run away.

Strong battle brothers escaped the forest.In a neighboring princess just meeting, one of strong war brothers, an arrow in the distance turning into the eyes of the fish, he can marry a beautiful black princess for his wife.But to follow the will of the mother, they took five brothers, the wife.

Black princess country powerful.With such support, strong war five brothers and return home.The king to half their homeland, but are desolate land.Is again remind of a bad idea, he made a degree of king brother play dice and his gambling.Conditions is lost one party must be exiled for 12 years, 12 years also can not be recognized, otherwise have to increase the 12 years of exile.A degree of king brother was forced to allow only, lost as a result, they have to lead exile lives in the forest.13 years, they disguised themselves to working in the palace of a country.Wait a year, they sent messengers to request half returned to their homeland.

Is rejected established war of the five brothers.The two sides finally broke outThe war.But against war and nut contact many countries make their supporters, when India peninsula countries participated in almost all the wars - lu war.

The war for 18 days, killing hundreds of thousand people, but against the 99 brothers were killed, only is a personescape.He hid in a lake, with a flower to breathe.But be firm war found five brothers.They use language to humiliate him and drove to the enemy from the lake, and their duel.Difficult enemy outnumbered, was also killed.

Difficult enemy soldiers determined to embarrass the avenge enemy, they night established five brothers barracks, the soldiers killed a deep sleep.Fortunately, five brothers, was not to be able to escape.Hard war did king back home, think of killing between brothers family brought so serious disaster to the people, they feel very guilty.Soon, they gave the throne to the grandson, with his wife in the Himalayas to order the black princess.At last they were in heaven.

The above is the center of the epic story, about half of the poem length only.The story around the center into a large number of myth, tradition and fable.Such as cut in "the borrow biography" writing ancient king the ROM by the evil god playing tricks on, lost land, and in exile and his wife, discrete, and finally make the grueling couples reunion, recover the land;"Sally wade li biography writing ancient women Sally wade li by our own loyalty and wisdom, won the yama king's favour, make her husband back from the dead.In addition to this kind of literariness interruption, the epic also contains a large number of religious, philosophical, political and ethical theory into composition, is one of the most famous religious philosophy long poem "the bhagavad gita," has long been the Hindu as scripture.It is because of the characteristics of the all-encompassing, "mahabharata" can be said to be a hero epics as the core, encyclopedic works.

"The mahabharata" - narrative structure

Its narrative structure, like a group of large buildings, halls, piled up compound, the cloisters, path."Get in a word," that's hard to count both independently, and associated with each other, but also tend to have their own narrator, dialogue and even their audience;Inside the story teller alone more than 300 to 400.As a result, not only the story had been a story, and medium a dialogue, dialogue between the handing down and make the story lines intertwined, fascinating story., of course, the so-called space "longest", today is no longer accurate.In our country, the Tibetan people medium to spread the epic "gesar", the scale is much more than "mahabharata", and to have been published in the famous Tibetan singer ear singing this, for example: an average of 400 pages of a volume of Tibetan just wait, all out to 45 volumes, and that's just all his singing about two-thirds of the inventory.These memory and folk singer singing this kind of super ability of the story, is awesome, and amazing.

This epic in retusa clan wars storyline, inserting the various myths, legends, fables, and religious teachings, philosophy, politics, law and ethics, etc.The number of interleave accounted for about half of the poem length.Such as the famous classical Hindu religious philosophy the bhagavad gita is one of the interleave.This epic using dialogue narrative, and rhetoric words, stories medium a story.This kind of open frame type narrative structure also provides convenience for various interleave.In this way, "mahabharata" eventually became a centered on the legend of heroes "encyclopedic" epic.

"The mahabharata" - the title

Epic poem written in Sanskrit, the use of dialogue, a total of 100000 praise chung (each as section 1 double lines of verse), modern essence is school-based for more than 80000.The poem into 18 article: at the beginning of the article ", "assembly", "forest", "which the luo article", "preparation", "Vishnu mo", "DE Barcelona article", "and,", "Sally" article ", "the night", "women", "peace", "teach commandments article", "horse the article", "Lin in the article", "pestle wars", "travel", "heaven".Finally with a great benefit lineage, sometimes as article 19, is actually another independent work.The poem to dispute the Indian society as the background of The Times, the nations more narrative suoluo race for descendants all Lou and pandavas power struggle.

"The mahabharata" - the legendary

Brahman fairy

"Mahabharata" (a translation of "mahath para la da", ancient Indian Sanskrit epic, free translation as "the descendants of the great king of Borneo," describes the class degrees and Lou two nations fight the battle for the throne, and the ramayana and called Mahabharatam India two epic, and Mahabharatum) the first long poem of complex shape in the 2nd century AD.According to a point, or it contains some very early science fiction, either it describes those like today's army war between people who have advanced arms.

For example, there is a plot, waley's - a tribe and its soldiers including Krishna, the hero is a name for the leader of the sand tile leading troops trapped.

Cruel sand tile on the characteristic of the current chariot, from the car, he killed many brave waley's youth, and the evil to destroy all the city's parking lot.

She was a city of sand, flagship, battle command.In characteristic inside, he can choose to fly to any place.In a vocabulary to describe, describe the characteristic, as a mother ship is perhaps the most appropriate, sand tile use of it to attack to the enemy.Thanks to strong waley must be of the heroes of the same equipment, and once they want to dispose of sand.Hero doppler di wu MouNa want to end his life with a special weapon, but the supreme god intervened: "the war that will make both parties mutually assured destruction", they also speak, no matter how to tell the doppler di wu MouNa, have sand tile doomed to defeat by Krishna.

Krishna heaven pursuit, but the sand tile in the sky made his way down to..."He kept at me throwing rockets, missiles, and spear, long nails, tomahawk, three the javelin, igniter towering...Hundreds of the sun in the sky, there seems to be, hundreds of the moon, and millions of stars.Can't distinguish day and night, bian direction."Krishna, however, with the corresponding anti-ballistic missiles against the back of sand:

"When they approached me, I started a fight;When they flashed across the sky, I use my flash on the ship will cut them into biscuit of 3 two - there was a great noise in the sky."

In spite of this, Krishna is being squeezed from pain.He fought back;But what magic sand tile using the technology or disappeared.So the Krishna carry a special weapons, an ancient "smart bomb".

"I quickly in a war of arrows, can search for sound to kill them.All the sharp sound of Dana had killed off the gas (troops) of sand, by those triggered by the sound as strong as the sun shining arrow."

But sand tile I ran away in the attack, the final Krishna to retinues, throwing his "love for firing weapons" - a kind of appearance such as "crown of the sun" pancake.Due to the strong impact, falling sky city.

Sand were killed, and then "mahabharata" the end of the section.One of the most amazing thing is that if the proposed use of the especially terrible weapons (doppler di wu MouNa special arrow) will make "destroying both" - of which is prohibited by the gods word.What type of weapon is it?And section may provide the answer: this describes o hero to the chief use of the terrible Noah weapons consequences.The weapons release "mass ejection ofa smokeless fire" :

"In the upper part of the enemy and emit intense flame arrow, like a heavy rain, surrounded by the enemy...A thick shadow rapidly in a tile above form, all compass is lost in the dark, start blowing wind, cloud and ground up, bring up dust and sand, the birds frantically called...Seems to be the sky were to fall.The sun moving in the sky.bigThe earthquakeStill, be the weapon which is a terrible fierce fire burned.The elephant running madly in the fire...In the vast region, all the other animals die at ground deformation."

What's worse is yet to come.If like the chief weapon the consequences of a successful, then the goole card manufacturing was a nuclear explosion and the attack effects of radioactive fallout poisoning:

"Goole card in his vehicle and appoint Anaheim (brahman temple tower), the virial must has and anda card department of the three cities dropped a full of cosmic energy of missiles.Very spectacular rises an incandescent column of fireworks, as do the sun shine at the same time.This is the secret weapon, iron thunderbolt, a huge death angel, the virial has and anda card department of the person of whole family reduced to ashes.The bodyGive to unable to identify, hair, nails is lost.Pottery gratuitous cataclastic..., we have food for all.In order to escape death, the soldiers jumped into the river to clean themselves and weapons."

If the above description is the idea of the science fiction, so the author must be a prophet.

"The mahabharata" - a book

A flow of "traditional"

The spread of "mahabharata" and circulation process is very complex.India's banda used Carl essence of school-based collating the reached 700, visible in the history of people to record the words of has been stopped.However, in the epic formation and prosperity of that era, its study, sing and play, when all by word of mouth.So, although later after many Sanskrit poet singer and revision, it is in essence a "verbal" poetry, with a strong oral poetry of color.These colour performance in many ways, the reader may be able to be read in the feeling.

First of all, can be seen everywhere in the poetry of stylized phrase, sentence and scenes, which is a large "spoil" in verse.Such as about the characters' features modifier "(or" title "), the use of such as listed on the "details" of things, all with Homer and other oral epic of the same or similar characteristics.For example, in the mahabharata "Vishnu mo article about rivers in detail table, in the 147 rivers and hundreds of" famous "names!No literati poet will write poetry (in addition to write "leaves of grass" of "nuts" American poet walt Whitman account of how many adopted this detail table type).Second, oral poetry creating, spreading and acceptance was done at the same time, it is doomed, it is the singer and the audience interaction associations of meaning generation and implementation and vulgarness through manifold in field work.

As a result, can infer, the story is highly dependent on context and is highly dependent on the traditional narrative.Interpretation of it, there will be no away from the big background of Indian culture.Moreover, in different places on the earth today live form found similar case in large singing tradition, we can be roughly infer that this heritage ancient tribe or clan narrative performance events, often occurs in some sacred cultural space and combined with ritual activities, thus become an organic part of some traditional ceremony.Therefore, rather than to the epic is a static "work",

It is a flow of "traditional".This tradition from generation to generation not only created countless level sophisticated and exquisite acting singer, but also cultivate the cultural spirit of the whole ethnic group, let people know how to see the universe, the universe life, in the world how to think and act, what is right and wrong, what is justice and evil, and so on."Mahabharata" singing the people of The Times, must be in their lifetime, on different occasions, numerous and the land listened to this magnificent narrative, were struck by its famed hero feat, were wrapped in deep thoughts and cultivate high level, says it is teaching people encyclopedia, is a master of folk knowledge and wisdom is not false.

Other significant features of oral poetry readers not to be able to relate, for example involving some of the characteristics of sound, rhythm and beat, translation cannot pass, readers naturally difficult to appreciate.According to my personal working experience in the field of oral poetry rhyme beauty, accompanied by Musical Instruments in the wonderful melody, accompanied by the singer's eye contact, facial expression and body language, along with the singers and the audience together out of the atmosphere, the narrative vivid and artistic appeal, it passed the at the same time than resorting to auditory and visual aesthetic feeling, the heart feeling and it stimulated chord in life, is far more than we can from the lines of print reading experience and cognition.The people who live in the great tradition, have it the gurgling of helping and TaoYang a clean also the well-being of life.

"The mahabharata" - research

Brahman fairy

Epic "mahabharata" written in the 4th century BC to the 4th century, total of hundreds of ode (verse), as Homer's epics the Iliad and the Odyssey combined eight times, philosophy, religion, law, politics, ethics in a furnace, and Indian Sanskrit scholars suker temple Carl defines it as "the collective unconscious of India, our past, now all the way to the past"."Method, and the desire and relief, suoluo multi-race male cattle.Here, here and elsewhere have no, not elsewhere."Epic once so proud to claim: "summed which it wants to put all the human wisdom."The Chinese version of "mahabharata" project host, the Chinese academy of social sciences researcher at the institute of foreign literature bao-sheng huang believes that "the mahabharata" life until now, affects the whole national habits, way of thinking, ethical and moral.And western scholars also have consensus, if can't understand this epic, "you can't understand Indian culture".

fight

The 6th century BC to the 4th century India, small area, strife and, in their own way this, seek the way of mergers and acquisitions."The war, the nations are often produce the age of wisdom."Bao-sheng huang compare India during this period to the spring and autumn period and the warring states period of China: "complex struggle to produce heroes.Through the epic poem or song, human summarizes historical experience, accumulated wisdom.

Although the author of "the mahabharata" labeled "vyasa", it is not a work written by one person.In fact, we can't even say whether the "author" is real.He is a character of epic, the elder witnessed and participated in the whole process of the war.Experts, in the beginning, "mahabharata" is just a suoluo clan wars epic.All for lu clan with the pandavas homeland and a bloody battle, is the backbone of it.In the long 800 years, generations of propagation and gain a bard, for its many wise observation, make it become a encyclopedic work.

The war background deepened the poet's pain and anxiety, coruscate gives another light also make this work."Do intelligence dragon's worries, for people and people all creatures outside the survival significance of tireless thinking, is inherent in the traditional India.This effort, admirable."One of the "mahabharata" translator GeWeiJun said.

As the ancient Greek epics, fighting each side with the help of god, in the great internal battle of Borneo, also the man of god was mixed.On both sides of the war hero is the embodiment of god and Russian, in the form of human action.As a result, the war in the eyes of people in India, more like a ghost war, is god her represent just one side of the pandavas, annihilate much evil in the Russian reincarnation of lu family party.Just in modern people's view, it was more like an ideological struggle, what was happening in the world of god, but that's just an extension of the human battle.

trouble

Every nation once fantasized oneself had a golden age, happy, equal food on the table.Later, with the fight, executed the decay and golden era."Mahabharata" will be the date of the main plot, positioning in the era of binary and struggle between age."Epic will age is divided into a complete time, three times, binary, fighting age.Three times, refers to the proportion of justice there are only three quarters.The binary era, justice is only half."Bao-sheng huang said that time was going to the endless struggle, "so they in the bucket, justice and injustice in the bucket."

In fact, the ideal of the other side of the golden age is just a distant, unattainable, today's reality of humanity will understand that in the teachings and fight forever, but "sometimes we dominate, sometimes fight dominant"."Carriage into the car, is still a vehicle, bows and arrows into missiles, is still a weapon.Think carefully, still in modern society, the basic human nature, social inequality still exists.Problems and contradictions at that time, a tragedy, but no problem."Bao-sheng huang said, "the mahabharata" let him feel a lot of problems existing in the modern society is still "mahabharata" will they act out, and tell people how to use wisdom to deal with difficulties."

"Mahabharata" telling people ", to understand the compliance, abide by the moral.Bao-sheng huang to Hindu deities of the avatar of Vishnu dark as its core idea, one of the "dark, from the operation level, represents the real life should be a kind of the teachings.The so-called law, is the rules of the justice of social life.This is we need to abide by the moral."

Oriental language culture, professor, foreign languages institute of Beijing university Liu Anwu's point of view, the teachings can be interpreted as "duty"."A man in society, as a son's duty is filial piety the parents, as the first duty of a soldier is war.Everyone has a variety of identity, with a variety of duty.Of each member of the duty, the teachings are constraint."

One of five brothers when pandavas, proficient in archery, terrible, weeks of wisdom that is ready to fight all Lou clan generals, he shook.This is a war within the family, he see their Cousins in the camp of the other party."To see one of their own, dark!Gather here to fight, my limbs heaviness, dry mouth, I was trembling, hair straight vertical...The warKill one of their own, can get any good?I don't want to win, dark!I don't desire and happiness...."At that time, in the weeks that sad eyes, dark to enlighten him, in the bhagavad gita is expounded his philosophy.The bhagavad gita became a Hindu classic, but also an important chapter of Hindu philosophy.Bao-sheng huang believes that promoting the core idea, it is to do action in life, but don't cling to the results of action.

Almost all the classical era hero with a tragic characteristics of multiple duty posed difficulties to let them into a trap of contradiction and pain.Caleb lu clan army commander in chief's, the mother of five brothers is the pandavas gong's illegitimate child, was abandoned as a child, the child of the driver's identity to his low status, poverty, until one day in a tinker was all he heads the son is a seal for ang the blessed the king.When he finally learns that her life one day, he stood and his brother have hostile camp, "a son of countries (all Lou) let me free to enjoy everything, always respect me, how can I not return?...Now is to hold the son of the living people serve moments, I should not hesitate life dedicated to the resolve to return favors."Caleb, keep the fight for holding the promise, also have kept the promise of the week that war with only, he died in the weeks that arrows, in order to "maintain the good people should have the kindness of behavior".

vows

In an age without agreement on the paper, the promise is often has a lot of binding."The Indian ancient moral belief is very strong, I never break.This is executed, is must be the pursuit of the highest ideal."Guo air-conditioning, for instance, one of epic hero called Vishnu mo, to meet his father's wishes, swear never be king and never marry no children: "Vishnu" means "great vows".

"Vowed after must cash, it is a kind of primitive culture, a kind of heroic."Bao-sheng huang said.Ancient indians believe that violate vowed to make merit.Victory after 36 years of the war, a degree of abital follow up to heaven, dark days, weeks that fall on the snow mountains, like the degree of explanation: "the week that said: 'I will destroy all enemies within one day.'but he didn't do it.The proud warriors now fell on the ground...Those who want to gain prosperity should be said to do it."

"But how to implement his promise, but is very complex.Because society itself is very complex, some is executed on the system performance, in fact is not reasonable.Bao-sheng huang said that epic's "peace" in the except a piece of the king of article, there is an "emergency law"."For example, the side of justice is weak, partial being executed, no justice will triumph over evil."Emergency law", is the justice in critical situations, not dogma to according to the rules.At that time, will use wisdom."

Justice and injustice is very clear in theory, in reality, they are far from a clear boundaries.Cannot overcome such as in the pandavas Lou clan captain DE Barcelona, on behalf of the teachings of a degree of the heads of the child hard battle to take the opinions of the dark, neigh XiangDeLuo falsely claimed that his son was dead, he thought it better that gave up the fight.

"" mahabharata" of his greatness, is in its insight into human life all kinds of complicated situation, saw the cruelty, complexity of the society, not rules can solve."Bao-sheng huang said: "the law of social needs, also need to cope with different conditions of wisdom."

The spell

Ancient Indian people really believe that morality can produce some extraordinary force.In the mahabharata, some through asceticism uniting the brahmin fairy, even beyond the power of god."Brahman fairy will because some people do the wrong thing, a curse.This is early magical thinking, people thought can through own will and desire to achieve some purpose."Bao-sheng huang see it as a stage of historical development.

"The mahabharata," curse of the largest in after the war, the son of the king and queen GanTuo lost all, sadness, GanTuo curse of the black, said 36 years later, dark family would suffer the same tragic fate.36 years, curse, dark within a family infighting, finally also destroyed."Her curse is justified, dark to blame for the disaster, karma is your own family will also get such retribution."

"From the perspective of the description of the book, curse not rashly make, is often things wrong, will be punished.In a sense, curse have an alert, can have the effect of encouraging people."Bao-sheng huang think curse in also gradually transition to a kind of symbolism in the book: "showed by symbolic description of karma.This is India's ancient simplicity karma thought, is not only the past reason to future generations, or secular reasons luck."And the concept of karma, such as GeWeiJun concludes: "one thousand years, always restricts the Indian society moral and ethical life."

The war

Suoluo clan wars for 18 days, the two soldiers casualties in the war, women like wandering souls slouches at finding and stitching on the battlefield husband's corpse, despair filled the sky.Poet in the cruelty of war last breath infiltrated with compassionate feelings: "women for both Lou destruction grief, high shock the cries of all beings.Cries, this sounds like the end of the era were burned all living, living beings also felt that maybe the moment of the world."

There are "mahabharata" poem people feel, at that time, the war is inevitable."Before the teachings or obligation, one should SheShenWangSi to go to war, and how reckless."Even so, Liu Anwu still believe that "the mahabharata" also with strong anti-war thought: "war is always caused great damage to the society.In a country of religious atmosphere, people always use compassion against war of ideas."

Liu Anwu's point of view, in the mahabharata, and constraints, the thought of war, this is China's classical lack.Tell all of The Three Kingdoms, so we see in the epic battle will feel funny: "war both sides reach an agreement, in the evening is not war, and strict rules cavalry cavalry and infantry to the infantry, cavalry to the rules of the horsemen, can't dozen horsemen infantry, cavalry can't blunt infantry."

Right to exist for a day, the crisis of war cannot be eliminated.Anti-war, has always been the weak, the victim's wishes."Can't stop the war, be constraints, its destructive power.This is the precious thoughts in the mahabharata."Huai nun tzu said this kind of thought in today's is still a very desirable, some international conventions, in order to prevent blind vendetta.[1]

"The mahabharata" - structure

Above makes brief explanation on the work, in order to understand the book, also need to analysis structure of the book.Although the book is not a person at that time, but to remove part of the night out, obviously it still has considerable uniformity;Even including more overelaborate components of south India, also show the total development still when the unity of intention.On the one hand, it attempts to collect the ancient legend of various materials, on the other hand it to the material or have a choice, have a certain degree of consistency in the content and form.Digg search it on the other hand, vary, on the other hand and coherent and personality.From the epic story, content, language form and structure of the book you can see all the ideas of the author and the editors are not, more can't say they are not only knowledge accumulation materials or not seriously.

Vary in see unification, this is a feature of the ancient Indian culture;The big show at epic the feature.But how to realize the unity and explained is not easy.Pure school-based main reviser suker temple card into secular, ethics, put forward by the shapeGo to school(metaphysics) three views, is only one view of its unity.Now can be seen from the rough classification in the structure of the poem is the unity of encyclopedia arrangement.

As a work of art or as an ideological system, large epic on the overall structure also have integrity.The beginning is about background of epic, the origin of the "snake" and the snake story, the family that similar to some of the classic novel "wedge" of China.Then is the legend of retusa many ancestors and heroes Vishnu the birth.This is the text of the introduction.The second half of the first and the second is the body of the epic."Wedge" snakes and dapeng embodied as opposites in all twists and turns of the lu clan and pandavas struggle, until a degree abital into exile in 12 years.The main idea is "law" in the political struggle of the kingdom.

Article 3 the "forest" in many cut in about 12 years of exile.The interruption did not completely out of the kingdom of thought theme of political struggle, but turned to social life.Here, the priests, and warrior, or order become the main characters of immortals and exile;Joint, the contradiction between them and their struggle for demons, permeate in the plot.Central idea is a fairy's point of view to explain "law".

Write article 4 and article 5 of the kingdom of political struggle.The difference is that the front is infighting, here is bright.Here about court infighting, 4 5 narrative diplomatic struggle.Writing on both sides and diplomatic struggle for it is the scene of a to the central character is dark.His hero, as another group to end hostilities between the two family struggle, added new content on the plot, and the deification of the hero and increased the religious element in the ideological content.

From 6 to 11 papers is the center of the play, all the process describes the war.Among them into the great god himself in a dark week o the main soldiers that preaching.It's choreographed, not only as the prelude of the war, and is the core of the thought, as if before the storm came a flash of lightning and thunder.This chapter 18 of the bhagavad gita (song of god) no matter what is the explanation to the offspring, how big a role in the modern and, it generally can be divided into three parts "industry" (behavior), "think tank" (understanding and the understanding), "the letter" (devout, loyal to god, and faith) three kinds of thought and theory, and attempts to put them together.The authors and editors is obviously as the core of the great epic, attempts to give a unified spirit.Article 6 write war started in the first ten days, after writing all the first commander old clan lu clan which the wet rubbing.Article 7 to write war in the middle of the 5 days, write a second commander in chief, the two sides of the teacher, Ronald.Article 8 write two days after the war, the third series, like didn't expose the identity of the degree of abital caleb the brother of Mr.The death of the three system architect is the result of dark trick.Article 9 wrote war and the last day of the last commander in chief, write war failure of one party in lordaeron.Article 10 write victory party also wiped out.Article 11 women write weeping relatives, asing if is the end.This part of the poem, the abstract "law" to concrete replaced by god;Differences due to the "law", and unified by the god.God is the unity of contradiction.

Article 12 and article 13 quantity is large, positive commentary all aspects of the "law", preaching by the great god dark into a central figure in the heads of which the wet rubbing.Before the performance of "law" is in chaos, and here about "law" is in the rectification.Said before is the regime, said here is consolidate the regime.Epic form also from narrative to argue, into a code.This as if is in front of the 11 theory summary.This theory has also been extended to the spirit of "law", namely "liberation", so the code and become a religious philosophy paper.The meaning of "law" also includes the two aspects.

From 14 to 18 papers is over.Here to talk about the consequences of war, and article 11 links up.At the beginning of the post-war is the same as at the beginning of the war on dark days to weeks the second lecture as overture.Back to the book at the end of the beginning and end, and the topic is still is the kingdom and the social struggle and cure "law", from the material all the way to the spirit.In this way, the poem clutter and remain organized.On the ideological content, on the emotional appeal, are varied and ca.All this is because the work is a long-term changes without fundamental change of the product of social ideology in ancient India, the writer is intellectuals at that time: the song man and immortal.

"The mahabharata" - art technique

In terms of artistic techniques, the great epics also has outstanding achievements.First, is it summarize an era social aspect ability;Followed by the structure of organization method;There are many characters of artistic creation.It described some of the typical character has his own personality, influence on the later has been occurred, long-term told their story to the people of India.In addition, it attempts to through the artistic image propaganda some ideas, though not very successful, haven't reached fully the level of the image to convey thoughts, reason often can only use the character's mouth instead of the author, expedient;But this is given priority to with the publicity of pioneering work, and later to the art form is given priority to, in comparison with the classical literature of is enough to show two traditional ancient Indian literature.

This content's magnum opus, complex in India has not put it as a common book, but as scripture.For it, once had a variety of different interpretation, scholars of modern India and other countries also have different opinions.Generally speaking, the modern researchers there are two tendencies: one is the analytical study, many people try to separate history level, trying to find the original epic "core", or to all sorts of anatomy;Is a comprehensive study, think that this book is a whole, with a variety of theories that unified nature of the book.Over the meaning of the book, is still no consensus in the world, also need a large number of in-depth research.

"The mahabharata" - related

Get in a word

In the narrative of both war and its causes and effects as well as the activity of each important people in the story, including many myths and legends, in the book conversations often describe many stories of the characters, so the book is filled with has nothing to do with the epic story about or interruption.A degree of abital was banished to the forest, to visit and comfort their fairy gave their narrative legends and stories, this poses a huge article 3 "forest".The cut in different length, including the famous "the borrow biography" and "Sally wade li", and the main content of the ramayana epic story, and so on.Comparison can be independent in the full length of cut in a lot, a lot of all epic.

political

About statecraft, including political, legal, moral, customs, etc., is also a big space in the epic, in article 12 "peace" and article 13 "teach commandments article" as the focus.It includes some code and the code of manu, etc.In addition, the main content of the epic is a political struggle, reflects the ancient Indian kingdoms disputes from here.

philosophy

The epic is almost includes various philosophical schools, it's hard to have a complete system of philosophy;But in general the but again has an obvious dominant idea, that is "law" ideology or world view.The meaning of the word "law" in the philosophical thought of factions have different explanations and usage, in this epic "law" as the structure of the national society and even the whole world order, and each person shall abide by the code of conduct.This is not to be defied the supreme law."Law" and "illegal" the standard of right and wrong, good and evil.Everyone has the duty stipulated in the "law", must perform.This is the principle of maintaining the country's social stability, in violation of the "law" is a sin.This is clearly in the interests of the ruling class in ancient.This thought took advantage of the epic story as a communication tool, although it is not consistent with the main action of the epic story.Will be a "civil war" in the destruction of the religion of both the explanation for the victory of the "law", and the last surviving a degree of the heads of the children is considered to be the embodiment of "law", is far-fetched.

religious

This epic has also been used as a tool to spread religion.Although with the Hindu sects of propaganda, but worship sect of the dark days of the avatar of Vishnu.The hero of the epic dark revered as gods, not only his actions is the god, but also arranged for him to a long sermon, required to worship him.One of the most famous is the bhagavad gita.

"The mahabharata" - effect

Mahabharata about Indian culture and the Hindu influence is very big, just like the first sentence in the book said: "some things here, and in all places;There is not a thing, you won't find anywhere else."German linguist Humboldt once enthused: "" mahabharata" is the most beautiful, the cut in in all the literature may be the best of our knowledge, the only true philosophy poem"

This work very early in various forms to the southeast Asia, as well as the ramayana, the important influence to the development of local literature.China is now only translated it from several interrupt;Otherwise a verse from the English translation and the story of a prose feed;These two books are briefly described the outline of the two clan wars, far from showing the outline of the work.

"The mahabharata" - evaluation

For a long time, the western academic circles have long argued that the mahabharata is the longest in the world's epic.Compare the authority of the "new Princeton encyclopedia poetry and poetics" 1993 version of this statement: "the mahabharata is the longest in the world of poetry.Its fine school-based has about 100000, is the Iliad and the Odyssey together nearly seven times."With western scholars statistics says, only singing the core part of the grand narrative (dialogue part of the two main characters), in accordance with the per minute sing a "blessing" (a set of words for a praise) calculation, will be continuous uninterrupted singing 25 days and nights.