【 abstract 】 the Indus valley civilization period, noble goddess status, popular worship..more specifically to the vedic period, along with the rise of the Aryan invasion of nomadic tribes and patriarchy, the goddess of decline, even decades.This once again proved Marx about "the consciousness of the people's social being determines people" famously said.

First, the goddess of the Indus valley

In all parts of the world's religious mythology, most have many bright goddess, is various, is very exciting.Through the ages, the Indian goddess temple is gathered.Existed long before the Indus valley civilization, the mother goddess worship phenomenon.

In the 1990 s, archaeologists in the vindhyan mountains found a has weathered limestone carving, modelling resembles a statue of female deities, s should belong to the upper paleolithic.This is probably India found in the earliest female gods.In 2700-2400 b.c., today the north and south of Pakistan's balochistan province, reported to occur respectively, huo cloth Culture (Zhob Culture) and the library Culture (Kulli Culture).In these cultural village sites, unearthed from the earth mother god as the main image of the large number of pottery figurine.This shows that at the time, due to the development of agriculture and to strengthen the association between village, the goddess worship is widely popular.It is from these figures, people can see the typical Indian primitive mother god's presence.Library culture figures are above the waist busts, here are eight base.These figurines arm bent, hands on hips, usually exposed breast, with small stones to make eyes, with a carefully combed hair, wearing a similar shell oval decorations, and decorated with arm and bracelets.In this Mr Sites found in a large number of pottery figurine type also belong to the garage, they head scarf, neck collar, nose is big, like bird's beak, with round eyes and thin lips, breast is exaggerated.Most of the statue of liberty, shell decorations, at length that they and reproduction and fertility, which near the left bank hereby HuoBuHe mughal dagon's generation (Moghul Ghundai) the mountains found a stone penis and on the right bank of the river arno perry dagon's generation (Periano Ghundai) near the mountain a very eye-catching piece of vulva (vagina) carved on evidence.

Jamie had leaves to early before age two thousand and three thousand BC, the Indus valley civilization is highly developed, the famous city houses such as harappa, MoHengZuo da luo of peremptory, neat streets, prosperity.Through archaeological excavations, here also unearthed a large number of the goddess of the sculpture, a kind of for the terracotta figures, one for the stone and bronze, two kinds of sculpture art, respectively, represents the traditional art of people of different classes.Harappan cities such as cultural marks from isolated scattered peasants village to highly organized large revolutionary change of the city.The urban resident population composition is complex, its main body is from adjacent to the villages to big cities to seek wealth.At the same time, they also bring their own beliefs and rituals, agricultural village mother god worship, thus forming the foundation of harappan cities such as religion.Starkness of ceramic sculpture is likely to be inherited the garage and farmers' cultural tradition of pottery figurine, huo cloth, and noble color stone and bronze sculptures are represented by commercial economic development, the art of class differentiation caused by the higher class.Owing to the improvement of their status in the society, the artistic style is more delicate.

Harappa and MoHengZuo darrow female gods nearly naked, only in a very short skirt with belt around his waist.These statues are usually wear ornaments, delicate tucker, a long necklace and arm body clock, bracelets, anklet, earrings, etc.Harappa sculpture sculpture and is only side of the garage and this statue of Mr Cloth is different, their arms and legs is complete, the presence of ten thousand.Goddess of tire characteristic, mostly pannier.Similar to the goddess of the tire in Syria and the eastern Mediterranean region have also been found.In Asia minor, Dali (Adalia), some prehistoric the headdress of the female images similar to the fan-shaped section pannier form headdress.The region also found a statue of Semitic god mother stainton, its headdress and MoHengZuo darrow unearthed statue of those similarities.In MoHengZuo darrow found that many of the statue of god are coated with red stripes, like ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the statue of Malta.J. Marshall from harappa and MoHengZuo darrow found female deities commented: "people clearly know, now and in the Indus valley and baluchistan found similar female like vast region between the Persian and the Aegean sea has also been found in great quantities, especially in elam, Mesopotamia, lance caspi (Transcaspia), Asia minor, Syria and Palestine, base carat ze, Crete, and Cyprus, the Balkans, and such as the land of Egypt."[1]

The causes of these similar situations, can be find in the archaeological discoveries.It showed that the BC, the Indus valley region of city in the three thousand s with the foreign trade between the two cities.As the author points out that the Indian civilization: "in the era of the Indus valley civilization business is very developed.MoHengZuo darrow and harappa are important trade center, with central Asia, Persia, places such as Afghanistan, gujarat, south India with a wide range of business contact....Appeared on seal and pottery vessel graphics, means may have shipping trade.Ship become warped on the two ends of the obvious, and Crete, Egypt, the Sumerian are very similar....Someone that they had been used for sea voyage.ROM thar an archaeologist believes that there is a dock construction.Found in Mesopotamia shape and MoHengZuo darrow identical seals, and in MoHengZuo darrow found in Mesopotamia style box, is supported by the evidence at the time the Indus valley cities and west Asia, Egypt had a sea trade."[2] along with the economic and trade exchanges, the spread of religious myth it is imperative to interact, thus in the Indus valley and a common cultural bond formed between the west, and make the vast region between each civilization on religion exist together, in common.When it comes to religious mythology, the goddess of the region's many big goddess with the same characteristics.For example, ancient Sumerian myth of the "master of the day" the Anna (Inanna), is the goddess of fertility, sex, in, is the embodiment of Venus, for the stars of god.O the ancient west the Sumerian mythology starr (Astarte), as a goddess of love, reap a bumper harvest, medicine and martial, also is the embodiment of Venus.Ancient akkadian myth of the goddess of high ish tal (Ishtar) contains many Sumerian goddess and hu in image, both rich and sex goddess, goddess and god of war and disputes, and is also the embodiment of Venus the goddess of the stars.In ancient Greek mythology, the goddess of love and beauty fu di te (Aphrodite), revered as the goddess of fertility, sea and Marine protection, and is regarded as goddess of marriage and birth, tube of human love, marriage, birth and growth of all plant and animal breeding.It is considered that the birthplace of the worship in Asia.The goddess shall be the homologous, combined with the characteristics of the historical period of the goddess.The Indus civilization is the great mother should belong to the same type.The goddess also may later India established luo sect of tara (T ā r ā, Sanskrit "stars") have contribution to worship, because their names have in common.

The great mother of matriarchal society all over the world have a supreme status of primitive religion.Why, Engels in the "Karl Marx < > to the critique of political economy" pointed out "...In the history of all social relations and national relations, all religious system and the legal system, all the theory point of view, only know that the time for each corresponding conditions of material life, and be brought out from these material conditions, to understand."[3], the early man long phase of matriarchal society.Establish is necessarily matriarchal clan, this is determined by the women in the position in production activities.At that time, women's gathering food, management of clan's internal affairs, men engaged in hunting.Hunting is difficult to guarantee, and gathering plants roots fruit harvest is relatively stable.Women dominate in social economic life, is the production of the organizers, the property of the distributor, the major affairs of decision makers.In addition, the matriarchal clan originated with the first a respectable woman.For "people know his mother, and I don't know his father," the myth of Chinese and foreign have virgin goddess pregnant parturient.China, for example, a tribal by female ancestor induced by legend.According to historical records, XuShi FuXiZhi mother to China, the mother and daughter of emperor yan, the mother of the yellow emperor treasure, the mother of yao and celebrate the mother of all shun grip insert in dragon, lightning, rainbow under the induction of natural objects, such as the birth of five ancient rulers.China XuShi, women's, attached Po is female ancestor of these tribes.In Asia minor and the Mediterranean region, also found many similar examples, embodied in mother and young male god around in a subordinate position.The famous Egypt's heath and Ruth, and aO Phoenician starr and tammuz (adonis);The phrygian cooper and artis;Greece (especially in the case of maria Crete) and young Zeus.In the region have not marriage, the mother was conceived by the holy spirit and initial as the mother of their partner, and then become the gods and the mother of all living.

The story of the virgin goddess of fertility is the remains of ancient times.At the time, pimitive lack of awareness for male roles in reproduction, as E.O. James says: "...The original goddess is preferred over the associated with her as his son, or her husband or the lover's young male god.Several reasons why she was in the high position in the society and the temple.But the cause is: the family structure and its broader relative branches, almost can only be derived from the original mother's relationship with their children.People never suspect, ababyOnly by his mother, no matter what kind of explanation on its origin and birth....The role of the father may be very fuzzy, don't even exist.But the mother's role is no doubt, just watch....Women because of its characteristics and cannot explain the puzzling attribute and function, such as menstruation,pregnancy, birth and lactation, has always been mysterious, make the person produces the sacred, reflection and evaluation, the religious emotion, and immediately gave her a sacred and taboo."[4] ancient also circulated at the myth of nuwa's made man kind, suggesting that women worship is an important characteristic of the mother rights society.Traces the origin and inheritance property through without exceptionA womanDown from generation to generation, not by man.Perhaps, in a way that would explain why women's rights priority in the primitive society.

You also need to point out that the original accumulation of wealth in the society there are two main ways, one is the development of agriculture, a domesticated animals.According to Egyptian myths and legends, Mr Hillis take the grain seed from the yi heath, this makes people have reason to believe that, in the worship of the great mother of the nation, the agriculture civilization has the origin of women.As mentioned earlier, collection and work to keep food mostly by women, the work gradually developed for tribes living near the point of planting.So, before the invention of the plow farming almost universal as women's work.In this sense, agriculture is likely to be the creation of women.In terms of food, agriculture is still better than the hunting of man, so the status of women is very high.In the agricultural development and not with any animal husbandry stage, mother right factors tend to become the driving force for the society.Such as north American Iroquois and Pueblo tribes, where domesticated animals, and obtained important development agriculture in the hands of women.Some tribes in Indonesia and Micronesia,riceCulture is a major means of living, and the conditions of the development of animal husbandry was not there, so here is also to save the mother right order of the society.Similarly, social mother right nature has in many African tribes, because their main production activities for agriculture.Agricultural tribe worship as a mother goddess, is mainly to the early earth mother worship, its ceremony is based on rich witchcraft.In the original thinking, and women farming land and raise the ability of children, with the growth of vegetation effect.People generally believe women can make various fruits, because they know how to produce offspring.Based on the law of similarity principles of witchcraft, pimitive thoughtA pregnant womanPlanting land will get harvest, and infertile women can make land barren.Later, the earth mother worship, development for the worship of the omnipresent mother, this is the characteristic of agricultural civilization.So, because women better than men in the economic and social life of a strong position, two critical production activities in primitive society, reproductive breeding and the obvious role in the material production, and its inherent in the eyes of the pimitive mystery, when the beginning of human civilization, primitive religion of matriarchal society formed, mother nature to maintain the supreme status.

With the initial development of agriculture, the role of the mother from reproductive symbol of human society in the early stages, from life as a producer of mother extension in the field of plant, and the mother of the same, symbol of the crops can be seeded womb.The development of agriculture and the establishment of the village, the rise of the mother and the mother of grain (valley) god worship.Had mentioned before, all over the world main agricultural god goddess.Because of the high abundance of thought is associated with women.And the thought of the goddess of fertility goddess shows itself must be breeding, and mother of god, of course, become the patron saint of children.Since as a children's patron saint, so she can also take into account the protection for their youth and middle-aged.She needs to protect them from disease and other difficulties in disaster.It is the mother of god all over the world are obvious and the cause of the disease.At the same time, they also often and division of the ares.As a result, many other attributes to the most primitive mother god, made her with multiple department job, multiple gods, the various basic aspects of the human life.

To sum up, the Indus valley civilization goddess unearthed also belong to this status first, undoubtedly godhead multiple mother of god.Lack of written support here.Though the culture found in a large number of hieroglyphs, stone, copper plate and the seal of pottery, experts and scholars have made unremitting efforts, but so far unsuccessfully to decipher it.From the later literature, however, can also be used for the gods and the secretary.In the Morgan DE and the puranas, have such a description: goddess said: "later, the gods!I will use the rain season from me immortal grass to prop up the whole world, at that time, I will pour RaoFei climb (Jakambhari) in the world of reputation."[5] the related, should be pointed out that from the harappa unearthed a stamp.In the front of the seals, there is a naked women with their head down like.Her legs up, the uterus of a plant.This may be the mother earth RaoFei climb mace cerebral, and is the great goddess of the Indus civilization.And the later purana portrayers just described her as a great goddess durga variants, and put them into big goddess.On the other side of the seal, we found a long hair, women lift his arms in horror.A man standing in front of her, a hand-held shield, another hand sickle, seems to be threats, this may be a depiction of earth mother held the scene.Contact is not confined to the earth mother and nature plants this pour RaoFei climb cadmium ≌ approach has a lot of the content of the seal will also be the goddess associated with vegetation.One of the seals, in front of the two branches of a banyan tree, a fan and a half kneeling in front of her.He is a man's face and goat behind.Seal the bottom half, there are seven long queues of people dressed in short skirts, comb.These seals are accurate indicators of the Indus river goddess as the goddess of mother earth and plants of the godhead.

One day, the Indus valley word puzzle can be solved, people will understand all aspects of the Indus river goddess.

Second, the goddess of the vedas

From 1500 to 1000 b.c. Formed in the rig Veda, also mentioned some of the goddess.Among them, the oldest female spirit likeness is the mother of the gods, o the bottom (Aditi), her name appeared nearly 80 times, but almost never be alone, and always with her sons, many group of god (Adityas) were noted.She is described as dense and more varuna, li and the gate and the king and people's mother.Bottom multigroup o god besides including varuna, dense, li door, o colophon shiva, brake and so on great god, and even the king of the gods indra.The bottom is "infinite", vastness, vast expanse, over the clouds, through the sky.She is bright and brilliant, the blessing of sentient beings, for the people and give all peace and well-being.People often pray for her to help get rid of SINS.

However, such a the mother of the gods, in practice the patriarchal patriarchal vedic temple of all the tribes, had seemed sidelined, declining.In the poem, the goddess of public adulation indra.In the late part of the rig Veda, poetry people don't even want to publicly declared that the bottom is the mother of the gods.When brahmana literature, bottom multigroup o god of brake is equivalent to creator, one of the main (Prajapati).Thus suggests that along with the development of animal husbandry economy and the strengthening of patriarchy society organization form, the vedic the tribe has not been reluctant to lowest to admit the status of the old, the mother of the gods.Instead, they gradually create a male creator, he finally born with brake -- form of the Lord.Since then, the position of the bottom is declining, in epics and purana mythology, has become of the daughter of brake.

Should mention another goddess is the goddess of the earth wave li devi (Prithivi), she usually (Dyaus) together with the god emperor for his being.The rigveda, only a short poem praising her, and in the atharva Veda "is only a long poem praising her.In the rig Veda and was portrayed as the parents of the universe.But in many passages, day is typical of the father, mother.In some of the paragraphs, the poet says his father mother is born by the other gods.Wave li devi is called the "mother", to her death.Black yajurveda star "partridge's book of" and "partridge's brahmana" said wave li prath devi's name comes from the sibilant), extending meaning.She has the properties such as great, firm and light, she load the mountains, to support the trees, make the earth abundance.

Also mentioned in the rig Veda goddess of grain Sita Sita and more characteristic ROM room cut bottom (Sarasvati) female achelous, such as the goddess of the bottom (Diti), nocturnal goddess (Ratri), language (Vac) and a few other goddess of the goddess.

The rig Veda is the most important goddess in the goddess of the dawn and sunrise ushas (Usas), a total of 20 beautiful ode of praise to her, more than 300 poems about her.Her sparkling, showing the audience.People praise her "like a young girl, our beauty is abnormal, mother grooming for you;You from now, sunrise, and pick up, the butterflies, other diffused all dust."Every morning, she to ride horses running car cruise tianyu of brilliant gold.She open the doors, the darkness and nightmare, bring the light.Her to the world, wake up, make all things recovery, make the birds fly.Poem wrote: "the goddess sunglow prompted the jain, lighting, and with the sun's eye was made everything, awaken people rose up and week, held a grand sacrifice to the gods."The beautiful goddess is the wife of the sun, l 'envoi shiva's sister, varuna relatives, day's daughter.She is closely associated with the jain, and the latter is often regarded as her lover.She was related to twin double stable boy, the god of the dawn.She is still "the bane of opponents, but for the law living, maintainer of the givers of joy, all enablers euphony, bring good luck,..."People begged her to awaken the gods, led them to drink soma.While praising her chanter, eagerly wish to say: "we have wealth, and make the opponents away;For our rich pasture to a lifesaver.For we shall pursue his enemies, bringing wealth;Bosch generosity to singers, elegant woman.""The myriads of sun rays, over huanyu, brought light, give us the long day, oh, sunlight, oh, the goddess.Give us to eat, and we therefore a bumper year abundant, prosperous age, many vehicles and horses."Worth mentioning are the two in the rig Veda ode: "sunrise always shining, day after day goddess also brings us the light today, and give us endless wealth.Her daily shine day's coming;Immortal gods, she has to make the movement, all things and not decline.""The sun was born in abdomen of sunrise, the sun, along with the rise and fall and rise of the song."[6] sunglow daily rebirth, the sun was born, and "living gods", this shows that ushas appeared to be the mother of the gods as well as their own, faintly flashed big ancient form of the goddess.

Although the rig Veda a good description of ushas number, but it is interesting to note that in the late vedic literature, she's position had collapsed.She even later in the Indian religious history all gone, in the epic and puranas also find fang.Even in the rig Veda, for her reverence is not invariable.For example, she can't share soma offerings with the gods.In the rig Veda IV. 30.8-11, the poet did not hesitate to praise the king of the gods of indra over ushas heroism: you beat the day (ushas) - the daughter of a single-minded, evildoers indra!This is a show of power and glory.Indra!You are the great (god) outweighed the ushas, although it's daughter cockiness.When the combative (indra) the car destroyed, ushas high-tailed it damaged her car.Her car fragmented, herself far escape.[7]

To this, India's famous historian high good will in the ancient Indian culture and civilization, it is pointed out that: "...This conjecture is reasonable, whom some other places don't know the special vedic god is used for former Aryan, such as the goddess of the dawn ushas,...Among them, ushas with indra in vyasa Banks once famous fierce fighting, as a result, her cart is smashed, but the goddess away....Ushas dawn goddess also has relations with Greece."[8]

According to this kind of indra - high ushas legends and good will, as can be concluded that the vedic there are suppressed in the tribal ushas worship sect, because this kind of worship may come from the mother of a former vedic religious worship of god.In describing the indra for ushas violence with a poem, also involve him to overcome the vedic tribal sheikhs of the plot.He plundered Sue it (Susna) city, to beat Mr 忄 Joe miles (Kaulitara), killing five thousand of followers of savart gold (Varcin), for tuo beatty (Dhabhiti) in one hundred the city of rocks, kill thirty thousand da (Dasa).Two stories are combined in a poem with no accident.Therefore, indra - ushas legend derives from tribal disputes.

The rig Veda called ushas "the mother of the gods and the bottom of rivals".But why she is bottom opponent?She is what god 礻's mother?Indra hostility to ushas suggests that she was not a goddess of vedic tribes.Given indra blow ushas's story in the rig Veda poem are repeated, so it is not a meaningless isolated incident, should not be ignored.With the known as the mother of the gods, o the bottom also hostile to ushas, shows that the latter may belong to different temples.The whole event should be two distinct properties a reflection of the struggle between the religious ideal.At the same time also shows that in the vedic temples, ancient times the prevalence of women worship principle almost ceased to exist.Goddess is negligible in number is insignificant in the position.The only exception is ushas, was dominated by the male god vedic temples heroes the attack and destruction of indra, be defeated and flee.

Indian Aryan rig vedic period mainly engaged in animal husbandry, is good at play.Generally speaking, in the ancient society, the dominant place in stockbreeding, will inevitably have a complete transformation to the patriarchal paternalism.Because, compared with agricultural economy, nomadic tribes need more courage and hardship.On the vast pastures, in the face of a loss of natural and man-made, wolves attacks, in order to protect the herds, to thrive, tribal body, superhuman strength and an effective leadership is essential.As a result, the importance of parental authority is weakening in the nomadic tribes, and the hero worship and ancestor worship status has risen sharply, to reach the supreme.In addition, in the nomadic life, pastoral people have to live under sorching burning sun, thunder and lightning and storm, so their religion is mainly associated with the sky and the galaxies and the natural phenomenon regularly as gods, with people.Nomadic religious supreme deity usually equal to at the head of the other gods of the gods, as a parent of the patriarchal family.The above various reasons, promoted the female subordination, hierarchical patriarchy society.Rigveda religion is, therefore, of patriarchy, nomadic warriors is a reflection of society.With the establishment of patriarchy in ancient China, this has certain similarities.Ancient nuwa's, China is still in the matriarchal clan tribal society, at the timeThe floodFlood.For preventing flood, flood, fuxi, huangdi tribe, such as yan clan tribal alliance formation.The great task of reunifying the flood control, physique, courage, courage, perseverance and strong leader is indispensable.In this process, the patriarchal nison, China gradually into the class society of patriarchal paternalism.Confucian culture origin, the primitive religion of the patriarchal patriarchal namely Confucianism was established.

Early into the printing, the rigveda the tribe does not matter farm, just leave it to native to do;And they, like all the nomadic warriors, contempt for agriculture, don't think that's the conqueror of shall be engaged in the profession.Manu method theory said: "people think that good farming;The livelihood is influenced by a good man condemned;Iron stick injury land and kill the field applied creatures."[9] actually rules ban higher caste brahman and the kshatriya engaged in farming.Because farming rigveda the tribe not for food, the main production mode in the rig Veda released female figure, she is only in the rig Veda was called once.Here, even though she is called mother, known as all things, and with the sky, is called please bless, but she and matriarchal clan, the ultimate in a number of primitive religion of ancient times to the mother or the great mother has the difference.In the vedic religion, goddess are relegated to the subordinate status, as the great god's wife, their effect is insignificant.But they are the gods of the fuzzy reflection, little independent power.Such as the bottom and ushas even the so-called important goddess, later in the religious history also do not have some significance.In the early vedic literature also found no such as durga, goddess kali, Ann is more important than, uma, etc in the puranas, the name of goddess only in the late vedic texts we find that the goddess, or mention.Given in the rig Veda records without the goddess, we can assume that they are the original vedic deities, later adopted by the vedic tribe.Mother different names of god seems to be originally refers to the different tribes of god, they later with combination of the Indus civilization great god beast - Lord shiva.

From India and sovereign distinguished in the Indus valley civilization prehistoric civilization big goddess, to the goddess of the vedic period status was waning instructions, including religious myth, the evolution of ideology, the is ultimately determined by the development of social existence.With the change of production relation, social economic system, people's social consciousness also corresponding changes sooner or later.This once again proved that Marx in the preface < > to the critique of political economy, famously said: "the material production mode restricts the whole process of social life, political life and spiritual life.Is not the consciousness of the people decide the existence of people, on the contrary, is people's social being determines consciousness of people."[10]

However, when the old economic form has been replaced by a new pattern of social economy, and old adapt to the economic form of social consciousness does not immediately.Matriarchal society of primitive religion has a long history, in the long years, with women worship the habit and thought of already, ingrained habit formation, incorporated in the traditional culture of nation and society, make it difficult to make a clean break.For quite a long time, it will be retained, as long as the right conditions, it will, in a new form in the new religion.When a new religion appear, in order to expand influence, attract more followers, also will resort to the traditional ideology.Therefore, when the warriors of nomadic tribes invaded the patriarchy mother admirers territory, despite the introduction of a heroic men of god, but not completely eliminate the mother worship god.

"Aryan the ancient greeks to make them Poseidon and Zeus stood in Athens at the top of the mountain, but not to overthrow the central temple of Athena's supreme authority, as well as her in Athens, indigenous people's idea of the supremacy."[11] in Egypt, the heath of glorious replaced by Mr Hillis, but she does not eliminate the influence of the exhausted.On the contrary, the admiration of her outside Egypt was widely spread around the people.

In China, the matriarchal didn't interrupt primitive religious tradition.In male god established dominance, the patriarchal paternalism of unify the whole country, though this tradition is down to the people, into the territory, but the wind of nymph worship is still long.Respect of Taoism in the nymph of the queen, a celebration of the numerous nymph and rendering of female immortal miracle, obviously is the remains of primitive religious worship of women.

Indian vedic the tribal worshippers of god the father, but they cannot eliminate the vedic before mother earth, the earth goddess was allowed to stay in the vedic temple, of course, her power was not with her husband, father.Though the goddess in the vedic period in a weak position, but a bar ripe, she again reappear its former glory.Once upon a time, she has turned intoThe HinduShakti, tantric Buddhism sects of Devi (Devi), such as Buddha mother goddess, an ancient dignity Lin however, in charge of the mother of god, with its, its far-reaching influence continues today.

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[1] J. Marshall, Mohenjodaro and the Indus Civilization，inferred from N. N. Bhattacharyya, The Indian Mother Goddess，NewDelhi: 1977, p.150.

[2] see liu, Zhu Mingzhong, GeWeiJun: "India civilization", China social sciences press, 2004, 47-48.

[3] the second volume of the selection of Marx and Engels and people's press, 1972), p. 117.

[4] See E.O. James，The Cult of the Mother Goddess,London,1959，pp.228-229.

[5] Max weber n. n. Bhattacharyya, The Indian Mother Goddess, p. 19. Pour RaoFei climb Mo called naan "cultivating grass (raise)".

[6] about ushas ode translations, see Wei Qingzheng the ancient Hindu mythology, 45-48 pages and pp. 433-432, the shanxi people's publishing house, 1999.

[7] Inferred from N. N. Bhattacharyya, The Indian Mother Goddess，p.97.

[8] see D.D. good will with high and shu-ying wang "the ancient Indian culture and civilization", the commercial press, 1998), p. 94.

[9] Jiang Zhongxin "manu act of 10.84, China social sciences press, 1986), p. 211.

[10] the Marx and Engels anthology volume 2 page 82, people's publishing house, 1972.

[11] L.R. Farnell, Greece and Babylon，Edinburgh: 1911，p.96.

Source: author: li nan, "south Asian studies, 2006, 2