The mahabharata and the ramayana said India two epic, reflects Indian nations of art in the age of strife.According to now codex, the mahabharata about hundreds of ode (modern essence of school-based nearly eighty thousand), about 24000 of the ramayana (modern essence of school-based nearly twenty thousand), the length of ancient nationalities in the world is not much in the epic.In ancient India, their creation and circulated in the form of oral chanting.Their text is liquidity, therefore, through the history of palace singer and folk bard continuously expand processing, to form the size and form.

According to textual research, modern scholars "mahabharata" about a book s between the 4th century BC to the 4th century.During this long eight hundred book, "the mahabharata" roughly experienced three stages: the first is 8800 verses of the song of victory, and later evolved into more of Borneo, 24000 by the expansion of ode "mahabharata".

About the author of the epic vyasa, we now know is legend, it is difficult to conclude that he is a real historical figure.He is known as the author of the epic, as well as the characters in the epic.According to the epic story of itself provides, vyasa is fish privet letter before marry like king city fu body of an illegitimate child.Zhen and wang fu body under the two sons of flowers and wu has succeeded to the throne, and died left no offspring.So, Jane letter to uniting the ascetic vyasa in forest, let him and chi wu two widow copulation, and gave birth to two sons with countries and degrees.Vyasa still forest seclusion since then, the ancient philosophers but he witnessed and participated in some countries (all Lou) and a degree of abital) (the pandavas in the struggle of the two process.After five brothers in the pandavas in heaven, he spent three years to create the epic.

The title of "mahabharata" means "the great suoluo multi-race story".The book is divided into ten to dispute the Indian society as the background of The Times, the nations are described suoluo multi-race two descendants all Lou clan fight the battle for the throne and the pandavas.(video: experts read "mahabharata")

As the countries and of a city degree is two brothers.A country born blind, and thus by degrees to the throne.The countries have the ancient philosophers, the eldest son is.Degrees have five, eldest son hard battle.This is a great many peoples of the two seed of Borneo, the former is called the lu clan, which is known as a family.Soon, a degree of die, by the regent.Established within years, should inherit father degree to the throne.But it is not allowed to in an attempt to usurp the throne.The dispute began.

Is design a flammable lac palace, five brothers lived let the pandavas, ready to fire burned them.A degree of five brothers survived, the family in the forest.During a covered Luo Guowang daughter princess black ceremony held to choose, like the degree of five brothers in brahman to the test.O one of the five brothers weeks that the requirements according to the selected, holding a big iron bow, archery target, won the princess.Since then, five black for the pandavas brothers wife together.Five brothers also the pandavas revealed their real identities in this event.So, hold the recall them, half to their homeland.

Gave their land for a degree based day emperor city, brilliant achievements.Is heart of envy, and design dice gambling scheme.War does not wish to gambling.But out of courtesy, or difficult to enemy to accept the offer.In the dice, strong war lose all property and the kingdom, and he lost four brother and his own, and finally lose their five brothers wife together black princess.So difficult enemy command his brother difficult drops black forcibly dragged to the princess, the gambling hall constant publicly disgraced.A degree of some one of the five forces are furious, vowed to avenge.Intervention, holding the feeling something, have to promise to black princess's request, 5 release the pandavas.But is unwilling to get a degree, the family of five brothers, request to gamble again, exile for losers side forest for 12 years, even live hidden 13 years, such as is found out, to exile again for 12 years.The gambling nature is the result of the war lost.Five brothers in this way, pandavas being forced to hand over the land, forest for 12 years in exile, and anonymity in 13 years, in the poor countries which the ROM Cha king in the court ACTS as a servant.

Five brothers, 13 years after the expiration of the pandavas to recover lost territory, is firmly not allowed.Then, each ally, to prepareThe war.To obtain a degree of family many city dark (the great spirit of the avatar of Vishnu) support.A degree of clan and jiu Lou messengers back and forth negotiations both sides.Is to refuse to make peace.In order to avoid a hard battlebleedingWar, to make the biggest concessions, just return the five villages, and is claimed that doesn't even give tip bigger place.Finally, the two sides in the war Lu Zhiye.

War for 18 days, after repeated violent contest, lu clan army demise.Congrats to see pandavas, did not expect the lu clan leftover three soldiers in stealth army of the pandavas in a deep sleep at night, all the soldiers kill the pandavas.Dark five brothers and the pandavas spared by is not in the camp.In the face of such a tragic end, strong fighting spirit depressed, but under the persuasion, and finally to reign as king.Strong war rule for 36 years, learned that dark death ascend to heaven.And so the only heir of his designated pandavas -- weeks o the grandson as the heir to the throne, then with his four brothers and black princess travel climbing up to heaven.

Above is the center of the "mahabharata" story.The tone of this epic poem is to celebrate with strong battle power represented by the justice, condemning represented by hard against the forces of evil.In the epic fight fair, humility, kindness.While this is the opposite: greed, arrogance, cruel.The misdeeds of his unpopular, even some of the lu clan elders. Compassion and partial pandavasIn the era of the nations disputes, the subjects if some choice of both sides, naturally want to by comparing a wise monarch, and don't want a despotic emperor unified the world."The mahabharata" it is the visual expression of hope.

Epicist position high, however, the understanding of reality is sober, and no will be on behalf of the idealization of the pandavas justice party.In epic about 18 days of war, at the critical moment, a degree of clan are using deception to win, the justice of the luster is gradually.But difficult to obey the rules of the warriors fight the enemy, and in the die, the gods and the flowers for him.Epic, the author clearly in the face of the plight of the human way of life.Strong war peace to survive, in order to seek the pandavas make concessions to the greatest extent, also failed to prevent war.And is following the kshatriya warriors mission to conquer the world, the pursuit of wealth, also always believe that your career is just.Conflict of interest in the world is inevitable.Conflict is the result of the both, humanity itself destroyed sex strike.

"Mahabharata" at the center of the story of the poem at most half of the space.The story around the center into a large number of myth, legend and fable.Should first mentioned is the ancient king and warrior hero legend, because in terms of epic of insert components, their basic spirit is the most consistent with the epic, the most closely relationship with main story.For example, "that borrow biography" and "Sally wade li" these two famous interruption, forest during the 12 years in exile, is the pandavas monastery fairy told for comfort and encourage them."The borrow biography" to describe the ancient king the ROM is the evil god playing tricks on, lose the homeland in the dice gambling, forced to dharma yan's exile forest with his wife.In the forest, husband and wife two people unfortunately lost.Finally, the two sides out of great trials and tribulations, reunited, and recover the land."Sally wade li biography about ancient a king's only daughter Sally wade, voluntarily choose invasion and forest of a blind man, the son of the king in exile to do her husband.A year later, her husband died.Yama to walk tied to her husband's soul of death, but she overtook yama.Finally, by her loyalty, and wisdom, win the favor of yama, make her husband back from the dead, also make the father-in-law eyes surgery, finally the reconquista.These cut in teach people intrepidity, not afraid of hard, in difficult times suffer setbacks, even more confidence and courage.This is in the era of the nations disputes, Kings and kshatriya warriors must possess the spirit.

In general, this kind of myths and legends of extolling the kshatriya interruption is formulated by court more than singer su, and another to celebrate the myths and legends of cut in brahman is formulated by the priest, and later in the insert.According to "mahabharata" essence of school-based editor's first suker Carl textual research, the original twenty-four thousand praise the suoluo more than once was monopolized by the brahmin woman the ancient tribe.Because much of Borneo is celebrate royal kshatriya hero epic, thus shiva the ancient tribe tried to transform the suoluo more brahman views that into a lot of praise shiva the ancient tribe and raise the status of brahman.Who get in a word, for example, "su ge he describes the son of the ancient daxian geert cutting through the science of uniting the asceticism, have overcome all mortals and god's spirit;Interrupt the parashurama describing shiva, ancient descent parashurama travels around the earth once, eliminate human kshatriya, so that all Lu Zhiye kshatriya blood flow with five lakes.

In addition to these literature cut in myth and the fable, epic has a lot of religious, philosophical, political and ethical theory of insert components.Both one of the most prominent is the lu clan old elders Vishnu the last long teachings for the nut war "peace" and "counsel".The two piece of the total length of about a quarter of the poem."Peace" is mainly about the king in normal times and crisis of responsibility as well as the method of relief for the purpose of life is the highest.The instruction paper main propaganda brahminism various rules and etiquette.And to preach in all of the components, the most famous is "Vishnu mo article" of the bhagavad gita, because it becameThe HinduOne of the important classics.

Therefore, for the content of the "mahabharata", we must take into account two aspects: it is a heroic epic, with clan wars as the core content of Borneo, namely, such as the title suggests, is "the great suoluo multi-race story".Is an "encyclopedia", that is, such as the epic ending part claim, covers the life the entire content of the "four purpose" : "the teachings and interests, lust and relief, there is, elsewhere;Not here, not elsewhere."(18.5.38) epicist both to the technique of image, and in the form of reasoning, confirmed that "the teachings, interests and lust and relief" is four life purpose.They must be the human pursuit of interests and lust, but believe that the pursuit should be in accordance with the teachings, and the supreme purpose of life is the pursuit of liberation.Their concern is that the human pursuit of interests and lust once out of control, will fall into the endless struggle, even kill each other and self-destruction, cause like suoluo clan wars tragedy."Mahabharata", as it were, condensed the heavy historical experience, full of ancient Indian people have deep insight to the plight of human existence, is a cautionary work.

On everybody's lips and oral creation and way, "mahabharata" language easy to understand, most of versification adopts a simple and easy to remember anu wet figure park.Narrative, there are many stylized phrase, sentence and scene description.Rhetoric are many ways, including harmonics, metaphor, hyperbole, pun and dual.Narrative rhetoric in using words, stories medium a frame type structure of the story.Main body complete story, have a beginning, development, climax and end.There is no lack of each stage and exciting dramatic conflict and tension.Just because there are a large number of interrupt and interleave with whole epic, to make the main body of the story to promote constantly impeded, delayed stack, seem to be very compact."The mahabharata" art achievement but also in shaping the character.This epic characters is numerous, but the main character has a distinct personality, each other is not the same.Investigate its successful reason, is that the author can be loyal to the reality, strictly according to the character of the background, experience, status, training and quality factors such as shape character.

In the ramayana of book s between the third and fourth century BC to the 2nd century BC.The author of this epic poem valmiki is a legendary figure.Legend has it that he is a foundling, originally the mountains savage adopted him.Grew up in a family, he robbed steal for a living.Once, he robbed QiXian people passing by.QiXian man asked him, his wife and children are willing to share with his crime of robbery.He came home all don't know the answer, ask his wife and children.Said of his wife and children are reluctant to share with him.His life from this turn.He returned to QiXian who threw themselves at their feet.QiXian taught him the vedic knowledge, also called he sat under a tree, constantly recite "cat" (read "rama" reverse method).He sit still, over time, termites nest on him, forming valmiki.Back there later QiXian people, through valmiki.From then on, he was named "he".One day, he saw a pair of curlew sex quietly in the forest, suddenly a hunter shot curlew male.Male curlew fell to the ground, covered in blood, mother curlew sad sound.Valmiki heart of compassion, comfort the mother curlew, condemned the hunter.His words tumbling into a ode.With that, he can feel amazing, repeatedly pondering what said.In the end, he realized that his name is poetry, the disciples, and said: "because it was created in my lose caleb (Soka, sorrow), is called (Sloka) it lose."Later, a great god brahman valmiki was commanded to this "caleb losing los" verse writing the story of rama (namely the ramayana).

The title of the ramayana means "rama parade" or "ramayana".The poem is divided into seven article: "childhood", "more than o tuo", "forest", "monkey", "beautiful", "fight" and "after".It with rama and sita more sensitized to the storyline, describing India ancient palace inside and the struggle between the nations.(video: experts interpret the ramayana)

More than tuo city ten o king has three, the queen had four sons - rama, Borneo, Luo Shenman that set and see Lou only that.Rama grew up, to help the friend fairy fall mo, and with all the friends fairy to mention they attend great sacrifices.Dense Luo Guowang covered the exhaust and had a daughter, named noted.Cover the dragon's done: who can pull his ancestral god arch, can to marry more than his.Rama pull bow not only, and the bow pulled, won more informed (" childhood ").

Ten car king old and frail, decision made rama prince, to inherit the throne.At this time, after wang ji and yi in a hunchback handmaiden under stirring, using the king had promised to give her two blessings, threatening the king, put forward to exile rama for 14 years, second to make her own son, prince.Ten king of grief, but in order to keep his promise, had to agree.Rama in order to make the father do not break faith, willing to exile.Noted for husband and wife of love, more Luo Shenman that in order to the friendship of brothers, also willing to follow rama exile.The three of them left the capital in the subjects of sorrow, to the mountains.Before long, ten car king die of depression.At this time, the suoluo is my uncle, don't know what happened here.He recalled a father was buried, and succeeded to the throne.Suoluo know the truth, to lambaste the mother auspicious.At the father's funeral, he personally to find rama, rama go back to the throne.But he refuse, be sure to go back after the expiration of 14 years in exile.How there is no way of Borneo, had to back to rama a pair of shoes, is the symbol of rama, for the king's throne, generation of rama regent (more than tuo "o").

Rama, informed and Luo Shenman that roaming around in the forest, lived a hard life of exile.Ten years later, they came to a forest.Lanka city ten devil king rehoboam the sister attempted to rama and Luo Shenman the courtship, devour more and want to bite by Luo Shenman that cut off our nose and ears.In order to revenge, she urged brother ravana, plunder more informed.Ravana, applying hex, send a Russian lure into golden deer rama pursued more than, he would of sita.Rama and Luo Shenman that are looking for more, finally found a headless monsters, he advised them to look for the monkey to jie li shiva (" forest ").

Monkey King rama and Luo Shenman that finally found exile should jie li shiva.They help the monkey to recover the lost.Then, the Monkey King called the monkey help find more informed.Group of monkeys know how hijacked to the informed Lanka island, but the insulationThe sea, not through (the monkey kingdom ").

God monkey hanuman fairies, infinite changes.He turned into a giant monkey, a jump, over a rough sea.To Lanka island, he has become a cat, drilling and the palace.He came to the temple, in the back garden found more informed.He saw he bribed and informed, but noted more for rama constancy, would rather die than from the Lord.Hanuman give informed rama token ring, more informed and more will pledge of their gems hanuman to rama (" beautiful ").

In ancient books, the son of the great god help, rama, Luo Shenman and monkey army that Bridges across the sea, and he started a war.Fierce fighting, rama and Luo Shenman that seriously injured.Hanuman to north mountain, find immortality, cure rama and Luo Shenman there.Finally, rama killed ravana, rescue sita.But see sita rama, suddenly doubt her chastity.At this moment, the expiration of 14 years in exile, rama line take a ride home.More readily made way of Borneo, fashionable base (" fight ").

O more than tuo in rama, appear of the new millennium.Suddenly one day spy report rama: folk wisdom says much used to living in the devil king palace, not a virgin.In order not to breach public opinion, rama reluctantly sent Luo Shenman that onepregnancyDespite being more informed on the Banks of the Ganges.Get valmiki faery care more, living in net forest, and gave birth to a pair of twins.Valmiki fairy gave a long poem the ramayana, and the two children sprechstimme church.Rama held horse, valmiki fairy song let the two children on the spot the long poems.Rama heard finally, understand the two children is his own son.So valmiki fairy bring about more, to defend her chastity.But he still said to the public.Informed to mother earth more proof that if their chastity, the earth mother for her, please.Suddenly the earth cracking, she threw himself into the arms of the mother earth.Later, rama kingdom to his twin partition, abandoned every body with brothers and float into the kingdom of heaven (the article after).

In the ramayana this epic, the author created a series of ideal characters: rama voluntary exile to scrupulously abide by filial piety, in order to maintain the royal dignity and human justice are consumed by the evil Lord ravana, left his wife for the public informed, is the ideal and the son of the king;Luo Shenman and more observe and way of Borneo, is ideal for younger brother;About how to, is the ideal wife.They conform to the feudal ethical code of ethics, the relationship between similar to ancient Chinese "as I outline the father to son, outline, husband to wife outline" and the "pecking order".Rama the end of the story is a tragic, informed became more innocent victims of feudal chastity idea.At the same time, the epic of rama and rehoboam that struggle between, also on behalf of the emerging struggle between the feudal and backward slave owners.Rama more than o tuo city belongs to the urban civilization, on the basis of the agricultural economy and ravana Lanka city with a strong color of nomadic civilization.Rama is kshatriya, and he that contain brahman descent.Era, in India the nations: efforts to maintain slavery based brahman caste system, in order to keep themselves in vedic times late formation of supreme privileged position, while the kshatriya efforts to establish himself as the center of the feudal monarchy.The ramayana book s is at India's transition from slave society to feudal society period.Along with the feudal system of increasingly take advantage, the image of rama has increasingly been deified.This works in the ramayana in itself.Generally identified in the original part of the second to the sixth installment, rama is basically a human hero image, and in part of night out of the first and seventh article, rama written by the great spirit of the avatar of Vishnu.Since then, rama became one of the main Hindu idol.

The ramayana compact plot of more concentrated, although also insert a lot of myths and legends, but not like "mahabharata" tendrils.The main character, change along with the contradiction of development.Pay attention to the scenery description, but also to do the scene.Noted, for instance, be more devil king rehoboam the hijacked to Lanka city, natural landscape also failure: "the treetops pendulum swinging in the wind, as if to say: 'distress and anguish!'" "all the lotus, lotus pond fish and other animals were trembling"."The sun also sorrow there, it's the light has disappeared, dim aperture around around".Rama for sita, came to a wave pool.Beautiful spring scenery here, and all the lovely scenery more excited he noted how the pain of missing.

Behold!In a word, mountain peaks,

Male deer and doe stay together;

I was forced to more with noted!

The deer's eye separation.

The ramayana mainly adopts simple and easy to remember "anu wet park" versification (i.e., "caleb losing los" verse), style is generally understand up, because it is, after all, the oral epic creation and told.But it has started to pay attention to the tendency of the embellishments in writing and elaborate chase.As a result, the ramayana has become the most classical Sanskrit poetry direct leader.Therefore, traditional Indian will the ramayana called "the original poem", and will be the legendary author valmiki referred to as "the first poet".

After the birth of the ramayana, spread all over India.Many classical Sanskrit dramas and epic are drawn from it.Indian dialect literature after the rise of middle ages, are found everywhere in the ramayana dialect translation or adaptation.The ramayana also from the early start to Asian countries.

Article source: the academy of foreign language by bao-sheng huang Shi Haijun