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"Of" is a book on Chinese surnames, written in the early northern song dynasty.After 411, the original collection name supplement to 504, including shan 444, 60 compound surname.

"Of" order is not in accordance with the surname population actual arrangement, but because it easy to read to, easy to learn easy to remember."Of" and "embedded", "thousand character classic" saying "three hundred thousand", is the children's enlightenment books in ancient China."Zhao money sun li" has become "of" the first four surname because of wu yue qiantang region formed in the song dynasty, so the Scott of the song dynasty emperor wu, yue king qian liu, wu yue king Chu money is precious, sun-style and south down the king lee's family name of the top four.

"Of" the full text is:

趙錢孫李周吳鄭王馮陳褚衛蔣沈韓楊朱秦尤許何呂施張孔曹嚴華金魏陶姜戚謝鄒喻柏水竇章雲蘇潘葛奚范彭郎魯韋昌馬苗風花方命任袁柳豐卩鮑史唐費廉岑薛雷賀倪湯滕殷羅畢郝鄔安常樂於時傅皮卞齊康伍余元卜顧盂���黃和穆蕭尹姚邵湛汪祁毛禹狄米貝明臧計伏成戴談宋茅龐熊紀舒屈項祝董粱杜阮藍閔席季麻強賈路婁危江童顏郭梅盛林習鍾徐邱駱高夏蔡田樊胡凌霍虞萬支柯昝管盧莫經房襲繆乾解應宗丁宣賁鄧郁單杭洪包諸左石崔吉鈕龔程嵇邢滑裴陸榮翁荀羊於惠甄曲加封芮羿儲靳汲邴糜松井段富巫烏焦巴弓牧隗山谷車侯宓蓬全郗班仰秋仲伊宮寧仇欒暴甘鈄厲戎祖武符劉景詹束龍葉幸司韶郜黎薊簿印宿白懷蒲邰從鄂索鹹籍賴卓藺屠蒙池喬陰鬱胥能蒼雙聞莘黨翟譚貢勞逢姬申扶堵冉宰酈雍郤璩桑桂濮牛壽通邊扈燕翼郟浦尚農溫別莊晏柒瞿閻充幕連茹習宦艾魚容向古易慎戈瘳庚終暨居衡步都耿滿弘匡國文寇廣祿闕東毆殳沃利蔚越夔隆師鞏厙聶晃勾敖融冷訾辛闞那簡饒空曾毋沙也養翱須豐巢關蒯相查後荊紅游竺權逯蓋益桓公万俟司馬上官歐陽夏侯諸葛聞人東方赫連皇甫尉遲公羊澹臺公冶宗政濮陽淳于單于太叔申屠公孫仲孫軒轅令狐鍾離宇文長孫幕容鮮于閭丘司徒司空亓官司寇仉督子車顓孫端木巫馬公西漆雕樂正壤駟公良拓跋夾谷宰父谷粱晉楚閏法汝鄢塗欽段乾百里東郭南門呼延歸海羊舌微生岳帥緱亢況後有琴梁丘左丘東門西門商牟畲傅伯賞南宮墨哈譙笪年愛陽佟第五言福百家姓終

In 2006, according to the support of the national natural science foundation study, according to the population ranking, of the latest order is:

Li, wang, zhang, liu, the Chen, Yang, huang, zhao, zhou, wu,

Xu, sun, zhu, hu, guo, Lin, what, is high, the beam,

Zheng, luo, song, xie, tang, Korea, cao, hui, deng, shaw,

Feng, who, cheng CAI, peng, pan, yuen, in, dong, yu,

Sue, leaf, lu, wei, jiang, tian, du, butyl, shen, ginger,

Fei, jiang, fu, clock, luo, wang, dai, cui, and land,

Liao, yao, party, gold, qiu, summer, tan, wei, jia, zou,

Stone, bears, dishes, qin, yan, xue, hou, ray, is white, the dragon,

Section, hao, hole, shao, history, MAO, often, wan, gu, lai,

Arms,,,,,, yan Yin, money, fertilizer, cattle, hong, gong.

The investigation and study is made, a researcher at the Chinese academy of sciences institute of genetics and developmental biology Yuan Yi of host, lasted for two years.Investigation involving the country's 1110 counties and cities, to get the data of 296 million, received last 4100.

Through the county, district and provincial level 3 population statistics, and got the sort of new Chinese of today.

Survey results show that in the investigation of 4100 surnames, the top three li, wang and zhang, respectively accounted for the proportion of our population, 7, 4 % % % and 6, 8, 7, 2, 3 big surnames are no more than 100 million population;Accounted for more than 1% of the proportion of our population surnames has 18, accounted for over 0.1% of the population, name a total of 129, but the population of this 129 surnames accounted for about 87% of the population in our country.

Many of the world's ancient culture has disappeared, while Chinese surnames culture after forty-five thousand has been the continuation and development.Surnames has been on behalf of the Chinese traditional concept of clan's main external form, in a special form of culture of blood records the formation of the Chinese nation, on the assimilation of national culture and national unity has played a unique national cohesion.Surname culture with a long history and unique traditional Chinese genealogical study, at present not only in the social science development, and also received recognition and applied in life science, and has formed the resource characteristics of interdisciplinary research area, China - Chinese surnames population genetics.

In most cases, a surname is hereditary, name the population data and relatively easy to collect, the historical span is very long, very suitable for in the study of the statistical properties of a large amount of data.We can through various surname distribution in different groups, to explore the genetic structure of populations, the genetic relationship between different groups, and population migration, etc.Chinese surnames and sharing the crowd distribution may become a study of Chinese origins and evolution of paternal genetic material a new important way and the scientific basis.

Chinese are generally used to inherit his father's name, the surname in patriarchal way passed on to the next generation.Woman in a lifetime only retain their father's surname, not passed on to the next generation.Therefore, the vast majority of family name belongs to a kind of gender, "genetic" in patriarchal way "gene", is equivalent to the special of sex chromosomes genetic gene.Can assume that, either X or Y sperm, sperm are with "genes", are demonstrated in every generation the function of its name.Only with continuous transmission performance characteristic of surnames, ya sperm and sperm only display surnames in the first generation X performance.Of course, we also noticed that the Chinese have been widely existed the phenomenon of the surname, this includes the son in law by adoption of marriage, the mother surname, shelter the surname minority with han Chinese, the surname, and so on.In the crowd, the surname is sudden and random events, often occur in the process of migration, but certainly took their toll in the total number of the proportion of is low.And no matter under what circumstances change surname, since the second generation is still passed in patriarchal way.This surname phenomenon can be thought of as surnames mutations, mutation after the surname still have normal paternal transmission function.The long history of Chinese surnames and relatively stable, and changed with the characteristic of China's social phenomenon, not only increase the diversity of Chinese surnames, to track each surname ancestor and s provides clues and opportunity;But more importantly in the countryside in China has always been the custom of the namesake inhabit, plus a small marriage radius, marry marry the characteristics of the region is relatively fixed, sharing the crowd can be thought of as the common ancestor of paternal inheritance.This is directly related to modern human evolution of sharing group, and to explore the origin and development of the Chinese nation will provide a valuable research model and research clues.

The song dynasty, the Ming dynasty, and today's surname distribution reflects three important phenomenon:

First, the Chinese name in the history of transmission is continuing and stable.It reveals the Chinese surnames in the course of history traces of blood culture and life of the genetic material, especially the evolution of the paternal genetic material with basically the same performance.

Second, Chinese people have always been a namesake inhabit and combined branches of a clan spectrum of custom, and marriage radius is very small, marriage region is relatively fixed, so formed the namesake population distribution.The distribution of Chinese surnames in fact mainly reflects the namesake crowd distribution rule.Chinese name or sharing exist two kinds of state, local and small surname, or referred to as the common surname and is not common surname.Only 5% of the total amount of surnames is insufficient common 100 surnames has focused more than 85% of the population, and accounted for over 95% of the total amount of surnames is not common surname only represent less than 15% of the population.Common 100 surnames reflect the distribution of regional population genetic composition of the main factors, the dream they decide the size of the population migration in the history of Chinese and the degree of genetic relationship between the regional population.And very see surname people can show its geographical features and a relatively high degree of segregation phenomenon.

Third, the main direction of population migration reflects Chinese gene flow direction.Once again at the same time, from the perspective of population genetics confirmed Chinese han nationality has been existed genetic sources on the north and south two big groups, one is one thousand years of geographical boundaries should be in the wuyi mountain and nanling region.Therefore, people sharing the Chinese surname and population distribution may become a study of Chinese origin, especially the paternal genetic material in the evolution of a new important way.